Lemma 13.17.2. Let $\mathcal{A}$ be an abelian category. Let $\mathcal{B} \subset \mathcal{A}$ be a Serre subcategory. Then $D(\mathcal{A}) \to D(\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B})$ is essentially surjective.
Proof. We will use the description of the category $\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}$ in the proof of Homology, Lemma 12.10.6. Let $(X^\bullet , d^\bullet )$ be a complex of $\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}$. This means that $X^ i$ is an object of $\mathcal{A}$ and $d^ i : X^ i \to X^{i + 1}$ is a morphism in $\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}$ such that $d^ i \circ d^{i - 1} = 0$ in $\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}$.
For $i \geq 0$ we may write $d^ i = (s^ i, f^ i)$ where $s^ i : Y^ i \to X^ i$ is a morphism of $\mathcal{A}$ whose kernel and cokernel are in $\mathcal{B}$ (equivalently $s^ i$ becomes an isomorphism in the quotient category) and $f^ i : Y^ i \to X^{i + 1}$ is a morphism of $\mathcal{A}$. By induction we will construct a commutative diagram
\[ \xymatrix{ & (X')^1 \ar@{..>}[r] & (X')^2 \ar@{..>}[r] & \ldots \\ X^0 \ar@{..>}[ru] & X^1 \ar@{..>}[u] & X^2 \ar@{..>}[u] & \ldots \\ Y^0 \ar[u]_{s^0} \ar[ru]_{f^0} & Y^1 \ar[u]_{s^1} \ar[ru]_{f^1} & Y^2 \ar[u]_{s^2} \ar[ru]_{f^2} & \ldots } \]
where the vertical arrows $X^ i \to (X')^ i$ become isomorphisms in the quotient category. Namely, we first let $(X')^1 = \mathop{\mathrm{Coker}}(Y^0 \to X^0 \oplus X^1)$ (or rather the pushout of the diagram with arrows $s^0$ and $f^0$) which gives the first commutative diagram. Next, we take $(X')^2 = \mathop{\mathrm{Coker}}(Y^1 \to (X')^1 \oplus X^2)$. And so on. Setting additionally $(X')^ n = X^ n$ for $n \leq 0$ we see that the map $(X^\bullet , d^\bullet ) \to ((X')^\bullet , (d')^\bullet )$ is an isomorphism of complexes in $\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}$. Hence we may assume $d^ n : X^ n \to X^{n + 1}$ is given by a map $X^ n \to X^{n + 1}$ in $\mathcal{A}$ for $n \geq 0$.
Dually, for $i < 0$ we may write $d^ i = (g^ i, t^{i + 1})$ where $t^{i + 1} : X^{i + 1} \to Z^{i + 1}$ is an isomorphism in the quotient category and $g^ i : X^ i \to Z^{i + 1}$ is a morphism. By induction we will construct a commutative diagram
\[ \xymatrix{ \ldots & Z^{-2} & Z^{-1} & Z^0 \\ \ldots & X^{-2} \ar[u]_{t_{-2}} \ar[ru]_{g_{-2}} & X^{-1} \ar[u]_{t_{-1}} \ar[ru]_{g_{-1}} & X^0 \ar[u]_{t^0} \\ \ldots & (X')^{-2} \ar@{..>}[u] \ar@{..>}[r] & (X')^{-1} \ar@{..>}[u] \ar@{..>}[ru] } \]
where the vertical arrows $(X')^ i \to X^ i$ become isomorphisms in the quotient category. Namely, we take $(X')^{-1} = X^{-1} \times _{Z^0} X^0$. Then we take $(X')^{-2} = X^{-2} \times _{Z^{-1}} (X')^{-1}$. And so on. Setting additionally $(X')^ n = X^ n$ for $n \geq 0$ we see that the map $((X')^\bullet , (d')^\bullet ) \to (X^\bullet , d^\bullet )$ is an isomorphism of complexes in $\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}$. Hence we may assume $d^ n : X^ n \to X^{n + 1}$ is given by a map $d^ n : X^ n \to X^{n + 1}$ in $\mathcal{A}$ for all $n \in \mathbf{Z}$.
In this case we know the compositions $d^ n \circ d^{n - 1}$ are zero in $\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}$. If for $n > 0$ we replace $X^ n$ by
\[ (X')^ n = X^ n/\sum \nolimits _{0 < k \leq n} \mathop{\mathrm{Im}}(\mathop{\mathrm{Im}}(X^{k - 2} \to X^ k) \to X^ n) \]
then the compositions $d^ n \circ d^{n - 1}$ are zero for $n \geq 0$. (Similarly to the second paragraph above we obtain an isomorphism of complexes $(X^\bullet , d^\bullet ) \to ((X')^\bullet , (d')^\bullet )$.) Finally, for $n < 0$ we replace $X^ n$ by
\[ (X')^ n = \bigcap \nolimits _{n \leq k < 0} (X^ n \to X^ k)^{-1}\mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(X^ k \to X^{k + 2}) \]
and we argue in the same manner to get a complex in $\mathcal{A}$ whose image in $\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}$ is isomorphic to the given one. $\square$
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