# The Stacks Project

## Tag 0DRE

### 96.5. Dimension theory of algebraic stacks

The main results on the dimension theory of algebraic stacks in the literature that we are aware of are those of [Osserman], which makes a study of the notions of codimension and relative dimension. We make a more detailed examination of the notion of the dimension of an algebraic stack at a point, and prove various results relating the dimension of the fibres of a morphism at a point in the source to the dimension of its source and target. We also prove a result (Lemma 96.6.4 below) which allow us (under suitable hypotheses) to compute the dimension of an algebraic stack at a point in terms of a versal ring.

While we haven't always tried to optimise our results, we have largely tried to avoid making unnecessary hypotheses. However, in some of our results, in which we compare certain properties of an algebraic stack to the properties of a versal ring to this stack at a point, we have restricted our attention to the case of algebraic stacks that are locally finitely presented over a locally Noetherian scheme base, all of whose local rings are $G$-rings. This gives us the convenience of having Artin approximation available to compare the geometry of the versal ring to the geometry of the stack itself. However, this restrictive hypothesis may not be necessary for the truth of all of the various statements that we prove. Since it is satisfied in the applications that we have in mind, though, we have been content to make it when it helps.

If $X$ is a scheme, then we define the dimension $\dim(X)$ of $X$ to be the Krull dimension of the topological space underlying $X$, while if $x$ is a point of $X$, then we define the dimension $\dim_x (X)$ of $X$ at $x$ to be the minimum of the dimensions of the open subsets $U$ of $X$ containing $x$, see Properties, Definition 27.10.1. One has the relation $\dim(X) = \sup_{x \in X} \dim_x(X)$, see Properties, Lemma 27.10.2. If $X$ is locally Noetherian, then $\dim_x(X)$ coincides with the supremum of the dimensions at $x$ of the irreducible components of $X$ passing through $x$.

If $X$ is an algebraic space and $x \in |X|$, then we define $\dim_x X = \dim_u U,$ where $U$ is any scheme admitting an étale surjection $U \to X$, and $u\in U$ is any point lying over $x$, see Properties of Spaces, Definition 57.8.1. We set $\dim(X) = \sup_{x \in |X|} \dim_x(X)$, see Properties of Spaces, Definition 57.8.2.

Remark 96.5.1. In general, the dimension of the algebraic space $X$ at a point $x$ may not coincide with the dimension of the underlying topological space $|X|$ at $x$. E.g. if $k$ is a field of characteristic zero and $X = \mathbf{A}^1_k / \mathbf{Z}$, then $X$ has dimension $1$ (the dimension of $\mathbf{A}^1_k$) at each of its points, while $|X|$ has the indiscrete topology, and hence is of Krull dimension zero. On the other hand, in Algebraic Spaces, Example 56.14.9 there is given an example of an algebraic space which is of dimension $0$ at each of its points, while $|X|$ is irreducible of Krull dimension $1$, and admits a generic point (so that the dimension of $|X|$ at any of its points is $1$); see also the discussion of this example in Properties of Spaces, Section 57.8.

On the other hand, if $X$ is a decent algebraic space, in the sense of Decent Spaces, Definition 59.6.1 (in particular, if $X$ is quasi-separated; see Decent Spaces, Section 59.6) then in fact the dimension of $X$ at $x$ does coincide with the dimension of $|X|$ at $x$; see Decent Spaces, Lemma 59.11.10.

In order to define the dimension of an algebraic stack, it will be useful to first have the notion of the relative dimension, at a point in the source, of a morphism whose source is an algebraic space, and whose target is an algebraic stack. The definition is slightly involved, just because (unlike in the case of schemes) the points of an algebraic stack, or an algebraic space, are not describable as morphisms from the spectrum of a field, but only as equivalence classes of such.

Definition 96.5.2. If $f : T \to \mathcal{X}$ is a locally of finite type morphism from an algebraic space to an algebraic stack, and if $t \in |T|$ is a point with image $x \in | \mathcal{X}|$, then we define the relative dimension of $f$ at $t$, denoted $\dim_t(T_x),$ as follows: choose a morphism $\mathop{\rm Spec} k \to \mathcal{X}$, with source the spectrum of a field, which represents $x$, and choose a point $t' \in |T \times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k|$ mapping to $t$ under the projection to $|T|$ (such a point $t'$ exists, by Properties of Stacks, Lemma 89.4.3); then $$\dim_t(T_x) = \dim_{t'}(T \times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k ).$$

Note that since $T$ is an algebraic space and $\mathcal{X}$ is an algebraic stack, the fibre product $T \times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k$ is an algebraic space, and so the quantity on the right hand side of this proposed definition is in fact defined (see discussion above).

Remark 96.5.3. (1) One easily verifies (for example, by using the invariance of the relative dimension of locally of finite type morphisms of schemes under base-change; see for example Morphisms, Lemma 28.27.3 that $\dim_t(T_x)$ is well-defined, independently of the choices used to compute it.

(2) In the case that $\mathcal{X}$ is also an algebraic space, it is straightforward to confirm that this definition agrees with the definition of relative dimension given in Morphisms of Spaces, Definition 58.32.1.

We next recall the following lemma, on which our study of the dimension of a locally Noetherian algebraic stack is founded.

Lemma 96.5.4. If $f: U \to X$ is a smooth morphism of locally Noetherian algebraic spaces, and if $u \in |U|$ with image $x \in |X|$, then $$\dim_u (U) = \dim_x(X) + \dim_{u} (U_x)$$ where $\dim_u (U_x)$ is defined via Definition 96.5.2.

Proof. See Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 58.36.10 noting that the definition of $\dim_u (U_x)$ used here coincides with the definition used there, by Remark 96.5.3 (2). $\square$

Lemma 96.5.5. If $\mathcal{X}$ is a locally Noetherian algebraic stack and $x \in |\mathcal{X}|$. Let $U \to \mathcal{X}$ be a smooth morphism from an algebraic space to $\mathcal{X}$, let $u$ be any point of $|U|$ mapping to $x$. Then we have $$\dim_x(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_u(U) - \dim_{u}(U_x)$$ where the relative dimension $\dim_u(U_x)$ is defined by Definition 96.5.2 and the dimension of $\mathcal{X}$ at $x$ is as in Properties of Stacks, Definition 89.12.2.

Proof. Lemma 96.5.4 can be used to verify that the right hand side $\dim_u(U) + \dim_u(U_x)$ is independent of the choice of the smooth morphism $U \to \mathcal{X}$ and $u \in |U|$. We omit the details. In particular, we may assume $U$ is a scheme. In this case we can compute $\dim_u(U_x)$ by choosing the representative of $x$ to be the composite $\mathop{\rm Spec} \kappa(u) \to U \to \mathcal{X}$, where the first morphism is the canonical one with image $u \in U$. Then, if we write $R = U \times_{\mathcal{X}} U$, and let $e : U \to R$ denote the diagonal morphism, the invariance of relative dimension under base-change shows that $\dim_u(U_x) = \dim_{e(u)}(R_u)$. Thus we see that the right hand side is equal to $\dim_u (U) - \dim_{e(u)}(R_u) = \dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ as desired. $\square$

Remark 96.5.6. For Deligne–Mumford stacks which are suitably decent (e.g. quasi-separated), it will again be the case that $\dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ coincides with the topologically defined quantity $\dim_x |\mathcal{X}|$. However, for more general Artin stacks, this will typically not be the case. For example, if $\mathcal{X} = [\mathbf{A}^1/\mathbf{G}_m]$ (over some field, with the quotient being taken with respect to the usual multiplication action of $\mathbf{G}_m$ on $\mathbf{A}^1$), then $|\mathcal{X}|$ has two points, one the specialisation of the other (corresponding to the two orbits of $\mathbf{G}_m$ on $\mathbf{A}^1$), and hence is of dimension $1$ as a topological space; but $\dim_x (\mathcal{X}) = 0$ for both points $x \in |\mathcal{X}|$. (An even more extreme example is given by the classifying space $[\mathop{\rm Spec} k/\mathbf{G}_m]$, whose dimension at its unique point is equal to $-1$.)

We can now extend Definition 96.5.2 to the context of (locally finite type) morphisms between (locally Noetherian) algebraic stacks.

Definition 96.5.7. If $f : \mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{X}$ is a locally of finite type morphism between locally Noetherian algebraic stacks, and if $t \in |\mathcal{T}|$ is a point with image $x \in |\mathcal{X}|$, then we define the relative dimension of $f$ at $t$, denoted $\dim_t(\mathcal{T}_x),$ as follows: choose a morphism $\mathop{\rm Spec} k \to \mathcal{X}$, with source the spectrum of a field, which represents $x$, and choose a point $t' \in |\mathcal{T} \times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k|$ mapping to $t$ under the projection to $|\mathcal{T}|$ (such a point $t'$ exists, by Properties of Stacks, Lemma 89.4.3; then $$\dim_t(\mathcal{T}_x) = \dim_{t'}(\mathcal{T} \times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k ).$$

Note that since $\mathcal{T}$ is an algebraic stack and $\mathcal{X}$ is an algebraic stack, the fibre product $\mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k$ is an algebraic stack, which is locally Noetherian by Morphisms of Stacks, Lemma 90.17.5. Thus the quantity on the right side of this proposed definition is defined by Properties of Stacks, Definition 89.12.2.

Remark 96.5.8. Standard manipulations show that $\dim_t(\mathcal{T}_x)$ is well-defined, independently of the choices made to compute it.

We now establish some basic properties of relative dimension, which are obvious generalisations of the corresponding statements in the case of morphisms of schemes.

Lemma 96.5.9. Suppose given a Cartesian square of morphisms of locally Noetherian stacks $$\xymatrix{ \mathcal{T}' \ar[d]\ar[r] & \mathcal{T} \ar[d] \\ \mathcal{X}' \ar[r] & \mathcal{X} }$$ in which the vertical morphisms are locally of finite type. If $t' \in |\mathcal{T}'|$, with images $t$, $x'$, and $x$ in $|\mathcal{T}|$, $|\mathcal{X}'|$, and $|\mathcal{X}|$ respectively, then $\dim_{t'}(\mathcal{T}'_{x'}) = \dim_{t}(\mathcal{T}_x).$

Proof. Both sides can (by definition) be computed as the dimension of the same fibre product. $\square$

Lemma 96.5.10. If $f: \mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{X}$ is a smooth morphism of locally Noetherian algebraic stacks, and if $u \in |\mathcal{U}|$ with image $x \in |\mathcal{X}|$, then $$\dim_u (\mathcal{U}) = \dim_x(\mathcal{X}) + \dim_{u} (\mathcal{U}_x).$$

Proof. Choose a smooth surjective morphism $V \to \mathcal{U}$ whose source is a scheme, and let $v\in |V|$ be a point mapping to $u$. Then the composite $V \to \mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{X}$ is also smooth, and by Lemma 96.5.4 we have $\dim_x(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_v(V) - \dim_v(V_x),$ while $\dim_u(\mathcal{U}) = \dim_v(V) - \dim_v(V_u).$ Thus $$\dim_u(\mathcal{U}) - \dim_x(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_v (V_x) - \dim_v (V_u).$$

Choose a representative $\mathop{\rm Spec} k \to \mathcal{X}$ of $x$ and choose a point $v' \in | V \times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k|$ lying over $v$, with image $u'$ in $|\mathcal{U}\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k|$; then by definition $\dim_u(\mathcal{U}_x) = \dim_{u'}(\mathcal{U}\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k),$ and $\dim_v(V_x) = \dim_{v'}(V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k).$

Now $V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k \to \mathcal{U}\times_{\mathcal{X}}\mathop{\rm Spec} k$ is a smooth surjective morphism (being the base-change of such a morphism) whose source is an algebraic space (since $V$ and $\mathop{\rm Spec} k$ are schemes, and $\mathcal{X}$ is an algebraic stack). Thus, again by definition, we have \begin{align*} \dim_{u'}(\mathcal{U}\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k) & = \dim_{v'}(V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k) - \dim_{v'}(V \times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k)_{u'}) \\ & = \dim_v(V_x) - \dim_{v'}( (V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k)_{u'}). \end{align*} Now $V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k \cong V\times_{\mathcal{U}} (\mathcal{U}\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k),$ and so Lemma 96.5.9 shows that $\dim_{v'}((V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k)_{u'}) = \dim_v(V_u).$ Putting everything together, we find that $$\dim_u(\mathcal{U}) - \dim_x(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_u(\mathcal{U}_x),$$ as required. $\square$

Lemma 96.5.11. Let $f: \mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{X}$ be a locally of finite type morphism of algebraic stacks.

1. The function $t \mapsto \dim_t(\mathcal{T}_{f(t)})$ is upper semi-continuous on $|\mathcal{T}|$.
2. If $f$ is smooth, then the function $t \mapsto \dim_t(\mathcal{T}_{f(t)})$ is locally constant on $|\mathcal{T}|$.

Proof. Suppose to begin with that $\mathcal{T}$ is a scheme $T$, let $U \to \mathcal{X}$ be a smooth surjective morphism whose source is a scheme, and let $T' = T \times_{\mathcal{X}} U$. Let $f': T' \to U$ be the pull-back of $f$ over $U$, and let $g: T' \to T$ be the projection.

Lemma 96.5.9 shows that $\dim_{t'}(T'_{f'(t')}) = \dim_{g(t')}(T_{f(g(t'))}),$ for $t' \in T'$, while, since $g$ is smooth and surjective (being the base-change of a smooth surjective morphism) the map induced by $g$ on underlying topological spaces is continuous and open (by Properties of Spaces, Lemma 57.4.6), and surjective. Thus it suffices to note that part (1) for the morphism $f'$ follows from Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 58.33.4, and part (2) from either of Morphisms, Lemma 28.28.4 or Morphisms, Lemma 28.32.12 (each of which gives the result for schemes, from which the analogous results for algebraic spaces can be deduced exactly as in Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 58.33.4.

Now return to the general case, and choose a smooth surjective morphism $h:V \to \mathcal{T}$ whose source is a scheme. If $v \in V$, then, essentially by definition, we have $$\dim_{h(v)}(\mathcal{T}_{f(h(v))}) = \dim_{v}(V_{f(h(v))}) - \dim_{v}(V_{h(v)}).$$ Since $V$ is a scheme, we have proved that the first of the terms on the right hand side of this equality is upper semi-continuous (and even locally constant if $f$ is smooth), while the second term is in fact locally constant. Thus their difference is upper semi-continuous (and locally constant if $f$ is smooth), and hence the function $\dim_{h(v)}(\mathcal{T}_{f(h(v))})$ is upper semi-continuous on $|V|$ (and locally constant if $f$ is smooth). Since the morphism $|V| \to |\mathcal{T}|$ is open and surjective, the lemma follows. $\square$

Before continuing with our development, we prove two lemmas related to the dimension theory of schemes.

To put the first lemma in context, we note that if $X$ is a finite-dimensional scheme, then since $\dim X$ is defined to equal the supremum of the dimensions $\dim_x X$, there exists a point $x \in X$ such that $\dim_x X = \dim X$. The following lemma shows that we may furthermore take the point $x$ to be of finite type.

Lemma 96.5.12. If $X$ is a finite-dimensional scheme, then there exists a closed (and hence finite type) point $x \in X$ such that $\dim_x X = \dim X$.

Proof. Let $d = \dim X$, and choose a maximal strictly decreasing chain of irreducible closed subsets of $X$, say $$\tag{96.5.12.1} Z_0 \supset Z_1 \supset \ldots \supset Z_d.$$ The subset $Z_d$ is a minimal irreducible closed subset of $X$, and thus any point of $Z_d$ is a generic point of $Z_d$. Since the underlying topological space of the scheme $X$ is sober, we conclude that $Z_d$ is a singleton, consisting of a single closed point $x \in X$. If $U$ is any neighbourhood of $x$, then the chain $$U\cap Z_0 \supset U\cap Z_1 \supset \ldots \supset U\cap Z_d = Z_d = \{x\}$$ is then a strictly descending chain of irreducible closed subsets of $U$, showing that $\dim U \geq d$. Thus we find that $\dim_x X \geq d$. The other inequality being obvious, the lemma is proved. $\square$

The next lemma shows that $\dim_x X$ is a constant function on an irreducible scheme satisfying some mild additional hypotheses.

Lemma 96.5.13. If $X$ is an irreducible, Jacobson, catenary, and locally Noetherian scheme of finite dimension, then $\dim U = \dim X$ for every non-empty open subset $U$ of $X$. Equivalently, $\dim_x X$ is a constant function on $X$.

Proof. The equivalence of the two claims follows directly from the definitions. Suppose, then, that $U\subset X$ is a non-empty open subset. Certainly $\dim U \leq \dim X$, and we have to show that $\dim U \geq \dim X.$ Write $d = \dim X$, and choose a maximal strictly decreasing chain of irreducible closed subsets of $X$, say $$X = Z_0 \supset Z_1 \supset \ldots \supset Z_d.$$ Since $X$ is Jacobson, the minimal irreducible closed subset $Z_d$ is equal to $\{x\}$ for some closed point $x$.

If $x \in U,$ then $$U = U \cap Z_0 \supset U\cap Z_1 \supset \ldots \supset U\cap Z_d = \{x\}$$ is a strictly decreasing chain of irreducible closed subsets of $U$, and so we conclude that $\dim U \geq d$, as required. Thus we may suppose that $x \not\in U.$

Consider the flat morphism $\mathop{\rm Spec} \mathcal{O}_{X,x} \to X$. The non-empty (and hence dense) open subset $U$ of $X$ pulls back to an open subset $V \subset \mathop{\rm Spec} \mathcal{O}_{X,x}$. Replacing $U$ by a non-empty quasi-compact, and hence Noetherian, open subset, we may assume that the inclusion $U \to X$ is a quasi-compact morphism. Since the formation of scheme-theoretic images of quasi-compact morphisms commutes with flat base-change Morphisms, Lemma 28.24.15 we see that $V$ is dense in $\mathop{\rm Spec} \mathcal{O}_{X,x}$, and so in particular non-empty, and of course $x \not\in V.$ (Here we use $x$ also to denote the closed point of $\mathop{\rm Spec} \mathcal{O}_{X,x}$, since its image is equal to the given point $x \in X$.) Now $\mathop{\rm Spec} \mathcal{O}_{X,x} \setminus \{x\}$ is Jacobson Properties, Lemma 27.6.4 and hence $V$ contains a closed point $z$ of $\mathop{\rm Spec} \mathcal{O}_{X,x} \setminus \{x\}$. The closure in $X$ of the image of $z$ is then an irreducible closed subset $Z$ of $X$ containing $x$, whose intersection with $U$ is non-empty, and for which there is no irreducible closed subset properly contained in $Z$ and properly containing $\{x\}$ (because pull-back to $\mathop{\rm Spec} \mathcal{O}_{X,x}$ induces a bijection between irreducible closed subsets of $X$ containing $x$ and irreducible closed subsets of $\mathop{\rm Spec} \mathcal{O}_{X,x}$). Since $U \cap Z$ is a non-empty closed subset of $U$, it contains a point $u$ that is closed in $X$ (since $X$ is Jacobson), and since $U\cap Z$ is a non-empty (and hence dense) open subset of the irreducible set $Z$ (which contains a point not lying in $U$, namely $x$), the inclusion $\{u\} \subset U\cap Z$ is proper.

As $X$ is catenary, the chain $$X = Z_0 \supset Z \supset \{x\} = Z_d$$ can be refined to a chain of length $d+1$, which must then be of the form $$X = Z_0 \supset W_1 \supset \ldots \supset W_{d-1} = Z \supset \{x\} = Z_d.$$ Since $U\cap Z$ is non-empty, we then find that $$U = U \cap Z_0 \supset U \cap W_1\supset \ldots \supset U\cap W_{d-1} = U\cap Z \supset \{u\}$$ is a strictly decreasing chain of irreducible closed subsets of $U$ of length $d+1$, showing that $\dim U \geq d$, as required. $\square$

We will prove a stack-theoretic analogue of Lemma 96.5.13 in Lemma 96.5.17 below, but before doing so, we have to introduce an additional definition, necessitated by the fact that the notion of a scheme being catenary is not an étale local one (see the example of Algebra, Remark 10.158.8 which makes it difficult to define what it means for an algebraic space or algebraic stack to be catenary (see the discussion of [Osserman, page 3]). For certain aspects of dimension theory, the following definition seems to provide a good substitute for the missing notion of a catenary algebraic stack.

Definition 96.5.14. We say that a locally Noetherian algebraic stack $\mathcal{X}$ is pseudo-catenary if there exists a smooth and surjective morphism $U \to \mathcal{X}$ whose source is a universally catenary scheme.

Example 96.5.15. If $\mathcal{X}$ is locally of finite type over a universally catenary locally Noetherian scheme $S$, and $U\to \mathcal{X}$ is a smooth surjective morphism whose source is a scheme, then the composite $U \to \mathcal{X} \to S$ is locally of finite type, and so $U$ is universally catenary Morphisms, Lemma 28.16.2. Thus $\mathcal{X}$ is pseudo-catenary.

The following lemma shows that the property of being pseudo-catenary passes through finite-type morphisms.

Lemma 96.5.16. If $\mathcal{X}$ is a pseudo-catenary locally Noetherian algebraic stack, and if $\mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{X}$ is a locally of finite type morphism, then there exists a smooth surjective morphism $V \to \mathcal{Y}$ whose source is a universally catenary scheme; thus $\mathcal{Y}$ is again pseudo-catenary.

Proof. By assumption we may find a smooth surjective morphism $U \to \mathcal{X}$ whose source is a universally catenary scheme. The base-change $U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathcal{Y}$ is then an algebraic stack; let $V \to U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathcal{Y}$ be a smooth surjective morphism whose source is a scheme. The composite $V \to U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Y}$ is then smooth and surjective (being a composite of smooth and surjective morphisms), while the morphism $V \to U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathcal{Y} \to U$ is locally of finite type (being a composite of morphisms that are locally finite type). Since $U$ is universally catenary, we see that $V$ is universally catenary (by Morphisms, Lemma 28.16.2), as claimed. $\square$

We now study the behaviour of the function $\dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ on $|\mathcal{X}|$ (for some locally Noetherian stack $\mathcal{X}$) with respect to the irreducible components of $|\mathcal{X}|$, as well as various related topics.

Lemma 96.5.17. If $\mathcal{X}$ is a Jacobson, pseudo-catenary, and locally Noetherian algebraic stack for which $|\mathcal{X}|$ is irreducible, then $\dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ is a constant function on $|\mathcal{X}|$.

Proof. It suffices to show that $\dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ is locally constant on $|\mathcal{X}|$, since it will then necessarily be constant (as $|\mathcal{X}|$ is connected, being irreducible). Since $\mathcal{X}$ is pseudo-catenary, we may find a smooth surjective morphism $U \to \mathcal{X}$ with $U$ being a univesally catenary scheme. If $\{U_i\}$ is an cover of $U$ by quasi-compact open subschemes, we may replace $U$ by $\coprod U_i,$, and it suffices to show that the function $u \mapsto \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X})$ is locally constant on $U_i$. Since we check this for one $U_i$ at a time, we now drop the subscript, and write simply $U$ rather than $U_i$. Since $U$ is quasi-compact, it is the union of a finite number of irreducible components, say $T_1 \cup \ldots \cup T_n$. Note that each $T_i$ is Jacobson, catenary, and locally Noetherian, being a closed subscheme of the Jacobson, catenary, and locally Noetherian scheme $U$.

By Lemma 96.5.4, we have $\dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_{u}(U) - \dim_{u}(U_{f(u)}).$ Lemma 96.5.11 (2) shows that the second term in the right hand expression is locally constant on $U$, as $f$ is smooth, and hence we must show that $\dim_u(U)$ is locally constant on $U$. Since $\dim_u(U)$ is the maximum of the dimensions $\dim_u T_i$, as $T_i$ ranges over the components of $U$ containing $u$, it suffices to show that if a point $u$ lies on two distinct components, say $T_i$ and $T_j$ (with $i \neq j$), then $\dim_u T_i = \dim_u T_j$, and then to note that $t\mapsto \dim_t T$ is a constant function on an irreducible Jacobson, catenary, and locally Noetherian scheme $T$ (as follows from Lemma 96.5.13).

Let $V = T_i \setminus (\bigcup_{i' \neq i} T_{i'})$ and $W = T_j \setminus (\bigcup_{i' \neq j} T_{i'})$. Then each of $V$ and $W$ is a non-empty open subset of $U$, and so each has non-empty open image in $|\mathcal{X}|$. As $|\mathcal{X}|$ is irreducible, these two non-empty open subsets of $|\mathcal{X}|$ have a non-empty intersection. Let $x$ be a point lying in this intersection, and let $v \in V$ and $w\in W$ be points mapping to $x$. We then find that $$\dim T_i = \dim V = \dim_v (U) = \dim_x (\mathcal{X}) + \dim_v (U_x)$$ and similarly that $$\dim T_j = \dim W = \dim_w (U) = \dim_x (\mathcal{X}) + \dim_w (U_x).$$ Since $u \mapsto \dim_u (U_{f(u)})$ is locally constant on $U$, and since $T_i \cup T_j$ is connected (being the union of two irreducible, hence connected, sets that have non-empty intersection), we see that $\dim_v (U_x) = \dim_w(U_x)$, and hence, comparing the preceding two equations, that $\dim T_i = \dim T_j$, as required. $\square$

Lemma 96.5.18. If $\mathcal{Z} \hookrightarrow \mathcal{X}$ is a closed immersion of locally Noetherian schemes, and if $z \in |\mathcal{Z}|$ has image $x \in |\mathcal{X}|$, then $\dim_z (\mathcal{Z}) \leq \dim_x(\mathcal{X})$.

Proof. Choose a smooth surjective morphism $U\to \mathcal{X}$ whose source is a scheme; the base-changed morphism $V = U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathcal{Z} \to \mathcal{Z}$ is then also smooth and surjective, and the projection $V \to U$ is a closed immersion. If $v \in |V|$ maps to $z \in |\mathcal{Z}|$, and if we let $u$ denote the image of $v$ in $|U|$, then clearly $\dim_v(V) \leq \dim_u(U)$, while $\dim_v (V_z) = \dim_u(U_x)$, by Lemma 96.5.9. Thus $$\dim_z(\mathcal{Z}) = \dim_v(V) - \dim_v(V_z) \leq \dim_u(U) - \dim_u(U_x) = \dim_x(\mathcal{X}),$$ as claimed. $\square$

Lemma 96.5.19. If $\mathcal{X}$ is a locally Noetherian algebraic stack, and if $x \in |\mathcal{X}|$, then $\dim_x(\mathcal{X}) = \sup_{\mathcal{T}} \{ \dim_x(\mathcal{T}) \}$, where $\mathcal{T}$ runs over all the irreducible components of $|\mathcal{X}|$ passing through $x$ (endowed with their induced reduced structure).

Proof. Lemma 96.5.18 shows that $\dim_x (\mathcal{T}) \leq \dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ for each irreducible component $\mathcal{T}$ passing through the point $x$. Thus to prove the lemma, it suffices to show that $$\tag{96.5.19.1} \dim_x(\mathcal{X}) \leq \sup_{\mathcal{T}} \{\dim_x(\mathcal{T})\}.$$ Let $U\to\mathcal{X}$ be a smooth cover by a scheme. If $T$ is an irreducible component of $U$ then we let $\mathcal{T}$ denote the closure of its image in $\mathcal{X}$, which is an irreducible component of $\mathcal{X}$. Let $u \in U$ be a point mapping to $x$. Then we have $\dim_x(\mathcal{X})=\dim_uU-\dim_uU_x=\sup_T\dim_uT-\dim_uU_x$, where the supremum is over the irreducible components of $U$ passing through $u$. Choose a component $T$ for which the supremum is achieved, and note that $\dim_x(\mathcal{T})=\dim_uT-\dim_u T_x$. The desired inequality (96.5.19.1) now follows from the evident inequality $\dim_u T_x \leq \dim_u U_x.$ (Note that if $\mathop{\rm Spec} k \to \mathcal{X}$ is a representative of $x$, then $T\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k$ is a closed subspace of $U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathop{\rm Spec} k$.) $\square$

Lemma 96.5.20. If $\mathcal{X}$ is a locally Noetherian algebraic stack, and if $x \in |\mathcal{X}|$, then for any open substack $\mathcal{V}$ of $\mathcal{X}$ containing $x$, there is a finite type point $x_0 \in |\mathcal{V}|$ such that $\dim_{x_0}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_x(\mathcal{V})$.

Proof. Choose a smooth surjective morphism $f:U \to \mathcal{X}$ whose source is a scheme, and consider the function $u \mapsto \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X});$ since the morphism $|U| \to |\mathcal{X}|$ induced by $f$ is open (as $f$ is smooth) as well as surjective (by assumption), and takes finite type points to finite type points (by the very definition of the finite type points of $|\mathcal{X}|$), it suffices to show that for any $u \in U$, and any open neighbourhood of $u$, there is a finite type point $u_0$ in this neighbourhood such that $\dim_{f(u_0)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X}).$ Since, with this reformulation of the problem, the surjectivity of $f$ is no longer required, we may replace $U$ by the open neighbourhood of the point $u$ in question, and thus reduce to the problem of showing that for each $u \in U$, there is a finite type point $u_0 \in U$ such that $\dim_{f(u_0)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X}).$ By Lemma 96.5.4 $\dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_u(U) - \dim_u(U_{f(u)}),$ while $\dim_{f(u_0)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_{u_0}(U) - \dim_{u_0}(U_{f(u_0)}).$ Since $f$ is smooth, the expression $\dim_{u_0}(U_{f(u_0)})$ is locally constant as $u_0$ varies over $U$ (by Lemma 96.5.11 (2)), and so shrinking $U$ further around $u$ if necessary, we may assume it is constant. Thus the problem becomes to show that we may find a finite type point $u_0 \in U$ for which $\dim_{u_0}(U) = \dim_u(U)$. Since by definition $\dim_u U$ is the minimum of the dimensions $\dim V$, as $V$ ranges over the open neighbourhoods $V$ of $u$ in $U$, we may shrink $U$ down further around $u$ so that $\dim_u U = \dim U$. The existence of desired point $u_0$ then follows from Lemma 96.5.12. $\square$

Lemma 96.5.21. Let $\mathcal{T} \hookrightarrow \mathcal{X}$ be a locally of finite type monomorphism of algebraic stacks, with $\mathcal{X}$ (and thus also $\mathcal{T}$) being Jacobson, pseudo-catenary, and locally Noetherian. Suppose further that $\mathcal{T}$ is irreducible of some (finite) dimension $d$, and that $\mathcal{X}$ is reduced and of dimension less than or equal to $d$. Then there is a non-empty open substack $\mathcal{V}$ of $\mathcal{T}$ such that the induced monomorphism $\mathcal{V} \hookrightarrow \mathcal{X}$ is an open immersion which identifies $\mathcal{V}$ with an open subset of an irreducible component of $\mathcal{X}$.

Proof. Choose a smooth surjective morphism $f:U \to \mathcal{X}$ with source a scheme, necessarily reduced since $\mathcal{X}$ is, and write $U' = \mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} U$. The base-changed morphism $U' \to U$ is a monomorphism of algebraic spaces, locally of finite type, and thus representable Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma 58.49.1 and 58.27.10; since $U$ is a scheme, so is $U'$. The projection $f': U' \to \mathcal{T}$ is again a smooth surjection. Let $u' \in U'$, with image $u \in U$. Lemma 96.5.9 shows that $\dim_{u'}(U'_{f(u')}) = \dim_u(U_{f(u)}),$ while $\dim_{f'(u')}(\mathcal{T}) =d \geq \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X})$ by Lemma 96.5.17 and our assumptions on $\mathcal{T}$ and $\mathcal{X}$. Thus we see that $$\tag{96.5.21.1} \dim_{u'} (U') = \dim_{u'} (U'_{f(u')}) + \dim_{f'(u')}(\mathcal{T}) \\ \geq \dim_u (U_{f(u)}) + \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_u (U).$$ Since $U' \to U$ is a monomorphism, locally of finite type, it is in particular unramified, and so by the étale local structure of unramified morphisms Étale Morphisms, Lemma 40.17.3, we may find a commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{ V' \ar[r]\ar[d] & V \ar[d] \\ U' \ar[r] & U }$$ in which the scheme $V'$ is non-empty, the vertical arrows are étale, and the upper horizontal arrow is a closed immersion. Replacing $V$ by a quasi-compact open subset whose image has non-empty intersection with the image of $U'$, and replacing $V'$ by the preimage of $V$, we may further assume that $V$ (and thus $V'$) is quasi-compact. Since $V$ is also locally Noetherian, it is thus Noetherian, and so is the union of finitely many irreducible components.

Since étale morphisms preserve pointwise dimension Descent, Lemma 34.18.2 we deduce from (96.5.21.1) that for any point $v' \in V'$, with image $v \in V$, we have $\dim_{v'}( V') \geq \dim_v(V)$. In particular, the image of $V'$ can't be contained in the intersection of two distinct irreducible components of $V$, and so we may find at least one irreducible open subset of $V$ which has non-empty intersection with $V'$; replacing $V$ by this subset, we may assume that $V$ is integral (being both reduced and irreducible). From the preceding inequality on dimensions, we conclude that the closed immersion $V' \hookrightarrow V$ is in fact an isomorphism. If we let $W$ denote the image of $V'$ in $U'$, then $W$ is a non-empty open subset of $U'$ (as étale morphisms are open), and the induced monomorphism $W \to U$ is étale (since it is so étale locally on the source, i.e. after pulling back to $V'$), and hence is an open immersion (being an étale monomorphism). Thus, if we let $\mathcal{V}$ denote the image of $W$ in $\mathcal{T}$, then $\mathcal{V}$ is a dense (equivalently, non-empty) open substack of $\mathcal{T}$, whose image is dense in an irreducible component of $\mathcal{X}$. Finally, we note that the morphism is $\mathcal{V} \to \mathcal{X}$ is smooth (since its composite with the smooth morphism $W\to \mathcal{V}$ is smooth), and also a monomorphism, and thus is an open immersion. $\square$

Lemma 96.5.22. Let $f: \mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{X}$ be a locally of finite type morphism of Jacobson, pseudo-catenary, and locally Noetherian algebraic stacks, whose source is irreducible and whose target is quasi-separated, and let $\mathcal{Z} \hookrightarrow \mathcal{X}$ denote the scheme-theoretic image of $\mathcal{T}$. Then for every finite type point $t \in |T|$, we have that $\dim_t( \mathcal{T}_{f(t)}) \geq \dim \mathcal{T} - \dim \mathcal{Z}$, and there is a non-empty (equivalently, dense) open subset of $|\mathcal{T}|$ over which equality holds.

Proof. Replacing $\mathcal{X}$ by $\mathcal{Z}$, we may and do assume that $f$ is scheme theoretically dominant, and also that $\mathcal{X}$ is irreducible. By the upper semi-continuity of fibre dimensions (Lemma 96.5.11 (1)), it suffices to prove that the equality $\dim_t( \mathcal{T}_{f(t)}) =\dim \mathcal{T} - \dim \mathcal{Z}$ holds for $t$ lying in some non-empty open substack of $\mathcal{T}$. For this reason, in the argument we are always free to replace $\mathcal{T}$ by a non-empty open substack.

Let $T' \to \mathcal{T}$ be a smooth surjective morphism whose source is a scheme, and let $T$ be a non-empty quasi-compact open subset of $T'$. Since $\mathcal{Y}$ is quasi-separated, we find that $T \to \mathcal{Y}$ is quasi-compact (by Morphisms of Stacks, Lemma 90.7.7, applied to the morphisms $T \to \mathcal{Y} \to \mathop{\rm Spec} \mathbf{Z}$). Thus, if we replace $\mathcal{T}$ by the image of $T$ in $\mathcal{T}$, then we may assume (appealing to Morphisms of Stacks, Lemma 90.7.6 that the morphism $f:\mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{X}$ is quasi-compact.

If we choose a smooth surjection $U \to \mathcal{X}$ with $U$ a scheme, then Lemma 96.3.1 ensures that we may find an irreducible open subset $V$ of $U$ such that $V \to \mathcal{X}$ is smooth and scheme-theoretically dominant. Since scheme-theoretic dominance for quasi-compact morphisms is preserved by flat base-change, the base-change $\mathcal{T} \times_{\mathcal{X}} V \to V$ of the scheme-theoretically dominant morphism $f$ is again scheme-theoretically dominant. We let $Z$ denote a scheme admitting a smooth surjection onto this fibre product; then $Z \to \mathcal{T} \times_{\mathcal{X}} V \to V$ is again scheme-theoretically dominant. Thus we may find an irreducible component $C$ of $Z$ which scheme-theoretically dominates $V$. Since the composite $Z \to \mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V \to \mathcal{T}$ is smooth, and since $\mathcal{T}$ is irreducible, Lemma 96.3.1 shows that any irreducible component of the source has dense image in $|\mathcal{T}|$. We now replace $C$ by a non-empty open subset $W$ which is disjoint from every other irreducible component of $Z$, and then replace $\mathcal{T}$ and $\mathcal{X}$ by the images of $W$ and $V$ (and apply Lemma 96.5.17 to see that this doesn't change the dimension of either $\mathcal{T}$ or $\mathcal{X}$). If we let $\mathcal{W}$ denote the image of the morphism $W \to \mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V$, then $\mathcal{W}$ is open in $\mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V$ (since the morphism $W \to \mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V$ is smooth), and is irreducible (being the image of an irreducible scheme). Thus we end up with a commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{ W \ar[dr] \ar[r] & \mathcal{W} \ar[r] \ar[d] & V \ar[d] \\ & \mathcal{T} \ar[r] & \mathcal{X} }$$ in which $W$ and $V$ are schemes, the vertical arrows are smooth and surjective, the diagonal arrows and the left-hand upper horizontal arroware smooth, and the induced morphism $\mathcal{W} \to \mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V$ is an open immersion. Using this diagram, together with the definitions of the various dimensions involved in the statement of the lemma, we will reduce our verification of the lemma to the case of schemes, where it is known.

Fix $w \in |W|$ with image $w' \in |\mathcal{W}|$, image $t \in |\mathcal{T}|$, image $v$ in $|V|$, and image $x$ in $|\mathcal{X}|$. Essentially by definition (using the fact that $\mathcal{W}$ is open in $\mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V$, and that the fibre of a base-change is the base-change of the fibre), we obtain the equalities $$\dim_v V_x = \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_t$$ and $$\dim_t \mathcal{T}_x = \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_v.$$ By Lemma 96.5.4 (the diagonal arrow and right-hand vertical arrow in our diagram realise $W$ and $V$ as smooth covers by schemes of the stacks $\mathcal{T}$ and $\mathcal{X}$), we find that $$\dim_t \mathcal{T} = \dim_w W - \dim_w W_t$$ and $$\dim_x \mathcal{X} = \dim_v V - \dim_v V_x.$$ Combining the equalities, we find that $$\dim_t \mathcal{T}_x - \dim_t \mathcal{T} + \dim_x \mathcal{X} = \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_v - \dim_w W + \dim_w W_t + \dim_v V - \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_t$$ Since $W \to \mathcal{W}$ is a smooth surjection, the same is true if we base-change over the morphism $\mathop{\rm Spec} \kappa(v) \to V$ (thinking of $W \to \mathcal{W}$ as a morphism over $V$), and from this smooth morphism we obtain the first of the following two equalities $$\dim_w W_v - \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_v = \dim_w (W_v)_{w'} = \dim_w W_{w'};$$ the second equality follows via a direct comparison of the two fibres involved. Similarly, if we think of $W \to \mathcal{W}$ as a morphism of schemes over $\mathcal{T}$, and base-change over some representative of the point $t \in |\mathcal{T}|$, we obtain the equalities $$\dim_w W_t - \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_t = \dim_w (W_t)_{w'} = \dim_w W_{w'}.$$ Putting everything together, we find that $$\dim_t \mathcal{T}_x - \dim_t \mathcal{T} + \dim_x \mathcal{X} = \dim_w W_v - \dim_w W + \dim_v V.$$ Our goal is to show that the left-hand side of this equality vanishes for a non-empty open subset of $t$. As $w$ varies over a non-empty open subset of $W$, its image $t \in |\mathcal{T}|$ varies over a non-empty open subset of $|\mathcal{T}|$ (as $W \to \mathcal{T}$ is smooth).

We are therefore reduced to showing that if $W\to V$ is a scheme-theoretically dominant morphism of irreducible locally Noetherian schemes that is locally of finite type, then there is a non-empty open subset of points $w\in W$ such that $\dim_w W_v =\dim_w W - \dim_v V$ (where $v$ denotes the image of $w$ in $V$). This is a standard fact, whose proof we recall for the convenience of the reader.

We may replace $W$ and $V$ by their underlying reduced subschemes without altering the validity (or not) of this equation, and thus we may assume that they are in fact integral schemes. Since $\dim_w W_v$ is locally constant on $W,$ replacing $W$ by a non-empty open subset if necessary, we may assume that $\dim_w W_v$ is constant, say equal to $d$. Choosing this open subset to be affine, we may also assume that the morphism $W\to V$ is in fact of finite type. Replacing $V$ by a non-empty open subset if necessary (and then pulling back $W$ over this open subset; the resulting pull-back is non-empty, since the flat base-change of a quasi-compact and scheme-theoretically dominant morphism remains scheme-theoretically dominant), we may furthermore assume that $W$ is flat over $V$. The morphism $W\to V$ is thus of relative dimension $d$ in the sense of Morphisms, Definition 28.28.1 and it follows from Morphisms, Lemma 28.28.6 that $\dim_w(W) = \dim_v(V) + d,$ as required. $\square$

Remark 96.5.23. We note that in the context of the preceding lemma, it need not be that $\dim \mathcal{T} \geq \dim \mathcal{Z}$; this does not contradict the inequality in the statement of the lemma, because the fibres of the morphism $f$ are again algebraic stacks, and so may have negative dimension. This is illustrated by taking $k$ to be a field, and applying the lemma to the morphism $[\mathop{\rm Spec} k/\mathbf{G}_m] \to \mathop{\rm Spec} k$.

If the morphism $f$ in the statement of the lemma is assumed to be quasi-DM (in the sense of Morphisms of Stacks, Definition 90.4.1; e.g. morphisms that are representable by algebraic spaces are quasi-DM), then the fibres of the morphism over points of the target are quasi-DM algebraic stacks, and hence are of non-negative dimension. In this case, the lemma implies that indeed $\dim \mathcal{T} \geq \dim \mathcal{Z}$. In fact, we obtain the following more general result.

Lemma 96.5.24. Let $f: \mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{X}$ be a locally of finite type morphism of Jacobson, pseudo-catenary, and locally Noetherian algebraic stacks which is quasi-DM, whose source is irreducible and whose target is quasi-separated, and let $\mathcal{Z} \hookrightarrow \mathcal{X}$ denote the scheme-theoretic image of $\mathcal{T}$. Then $\dim \mathcal{Z} \leq \dim \mathcal{T}$, and furthermore, exactly one of the following two conditions holds:

1. for every finite type point $t \in |T|,$ we have $\dim_t(\mathcal{T}_{f(t)}) > 0,$ in which case $\dim \mathcal{Z} < \dim \mathcal{T}$; or
2. $\mathcal{T}$ and $\mathcal{Z}$ are of the same dimension.

Proof. As was observed in the preceding remark, the dimension of a quasi-DM stack is always non-negative, from which we conclude that $\dim_t \mathcal{T}_{f(t)} \geq 0$ for all $t \in |\mathcal{T}|$, with the equality $$\dim_t \mathcal{T}_{f(t)} = \dim_t \mathcal{T} - \dim_{f(t)} \mathcal{Z}$$ holding for a dense open subset of points $t\in |\mathcal{T}|$. $\square$

The code snippet corresponding to this tag is a part of the file stacks-geometry.tex and is located in lines 860–2023 (see updates for more information).

\section{Dimension theory of algebraic stacks}
\label{section-dimension-of-algebraic-stacks}

\noindent
The main results on the dimension theory of algebraic stacks in the
literature that we are aware of are those of \cite{Osserman}, which
makes a study of the notions of codimension and relative dimension. We
make a more detailed examination of the notion of the dimension of an
algebraic stack at a point, and prove various results
relating the dimension of the fibres of a morphism at a point in the source
to the dimension of its source and target.  We also prove a result
(Lemma \ref{lemma-dimension-formula} below) which
allow us (under suitable hypotheses) to compute the dimension of
an algebraic stack at a point in terms of a versal ring.

\medskip\noindent
While we haven't always tried to optimise our results, we have
largely tried to avoid making unnecessary hypotheses.  However, in some
of our results, in which we compare certain properties of an algebraic
stack to the properties of a versal ring to this
stack at a point, we have restricted our attention
to the case of algebraic stacks that are locally finitely presented
over a locally Noetherian scheme base, all of whose local rings are
$G$-rings. This gives us the convenience of having Artin approximation
available to compare the geometry of the versal ring to the geometry
of the stack itself.  However, this restrictive hypothesis
may not be necessary for the truth
of all of the various statements that we prove.
Since it is satisfied in the applications that we have in mind,
though, we have been content to make it when it helps.

\medskip\noindent
If $X$ is a scheme, then we define the dimension $\dim(X)$ of $X$
to be the Krull dimension of the
topological space underlying $X$,
while if $x$ is a point of $X$,
then we define the dimension $\dim_x (X)$ of $X$ at $x$ to be the
minimum of the dimensions of the open subsets $U$ of $X$ containing
$x$, see
Properties, Definition \ref{properties-definition-dimension}.
One has the relation $\dim(X) = \sup_{x \in X} \dim_x(X)$, see
Properties, Lemma \ref{properties-lemma-dimension}.
If $X$ is locally Noetherian, then $\dim_x(X)$ coincides with the supremum
of the dimensions at $x$
of the irreducible components of $X$ passing through $x$.

\medskip\noindent
If $X$ is an algebraic space and $x \in |X|$,
then we define $\dim_x X = \dim_u U,$ where $U$ is any scheme
admitting an \'etale surjection $U \to X$,
and $u\in U$ is any point lying over $x$, see
Properties of Spaces, Definition
\ref{spaces-properties-definition-dimension-at-point}.
We set $\dim(X) = \sup_{x \in |X|} \dim_x(X)$, see
Properties of Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-properties-definition-dimension}.

\begin{remark}
\label{remark-dimension-algebraic-space}
In general, the dimension of the algebraic space $X$ at a point $x$
may not coincide with the dimension of the underlying topological space
$|X|$ at $x$.  E.g.\ if $k$ is a field of characteristic zero and
$X = \mathbf{A}^1_k / \mathbf{Z}$, then $X$ has dimension $1$ (the dimension
of $\mathbf{A}^1_k$) at each of its points,
while $|X|$ has the indiscrete topology, and hence is of Krull
dimension zero. On the other hand, in
Algebraic Spaces, Example \ref{spaces-example-infinite-product}
there is given an example of an algebraic space
which is of dimension $0$ at each of its points, while $|X|$ is
irreducible of Krull dimension $1$, and admits a generic point (so that the
dimension of $|X|$ at any of its points is $1$); see also the discussion
of this example in
Properties of Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-properties-section-dimension}.

\medskip\noindent
On the other hand, if $X$ is a {\it decent} algebraic space, in the sense of
Decent Spaces, Definition \ref{decent-spaces-definition-very-reasonable}
(in particular, if $X$ is quasi-separated; see
Decent Spaces, Section \ref{decent-spaces-section-reasonable-decent})
then in fact the dimension of $X$ at $x$ does coincide with the dimension
of $|X|$ at $x$; see
Decent Spaces, Lemma \ref{decent-spaces-lemma-dimension-decent-space}.
\end{remark}

\noindent
In order to  define the dimension of an algebraic stack,
it will be useful to first have the notion of the relative dimension,
at a point in the source,
of a morphism whose source is an algebraic space,
and whose target is an algebraic stack.  The definition is slightly
involved, just because (unlike in the case of schemes) the points of an
algebraic stack, or an algebraic
space, are not describable as morphisms from the spectrum of a field,
but only as equivalence classes of such.

\begin{definition}
\label{definition-relative-dimension}
If $f : T \to \mathcal{X}$ is a locally of finite type morphism from an
algebraic space to an algebraic stack,
and if $t \in |T|$ is a point with image $x \in | \mathcal{X}|$, then we define
{\it the relative dimension} of $f$ at $t$, denoted
$\dim_t(T_x),$
as follows:
choose a morphism $\Spec k \to \mathcal{X}$, with source the spectrum of
a field, which represents $x$, and choose a point
$t' \in |T \times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k|$
mapping to $t$ under the projection to $|T|$
(such a point $t'$ exists, by
Properties of Stacks, Lemma \ref{stacks-properties-lemma-points-cartesian});
then
$$\dim_t(T_x) = \dim_{t'}(T \times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k ).$$
\end{definition}

\noindent
Note that since $T$ is an algebraic space and $\mathcal{X}$ is an
algebraic stack, the fibre product $T \times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k$
is an algebraic space, and so the quantity on the right hand side of
this proposed definition is in fact defined (see discussion above).

\begin{remark}
\label{remark-relative-dimension}
(1)
One easily verifies (for example, by using the invariance
of the relative dimension of locally of finite type morphisms of schemes
under base-change; see for example
Morphisms, Lemma \ref{morphisms-lemma-dimension-fibre-after-base-change}
that $\dim_t(T_x)$ is well-defined, independently of the choices
used to compute it.

\medskip\noindent
(2)
In the case that $\mathcal{X}$ is also an algebraic space,
it is straightforward to confirm that this definition agrees with
the definition of relative dimension given in
Morphisms of Spaces, Definition
\ref{spaces-morphisms-definition-dimension-fibre}.
\end{remark}

\noindent
We next recall the following lemma, on which our study of
the dimension of a locally Noetherian algebraic stack is founded.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-behaviour-of-dimensions-wrt-smooth-morphisms}
If $f: U \to X$ is a smooth morphism of locally Noetherian algebraic
spaces, and
if $u \in |U|$ with image $x \in |X|$, then
$$\dim_u (U) = \dim_x(X) + \dim_{u} (U_x)$$
where $\dim_u (U_x)$ is defined via
Definition \ref{definition-relative-dimension}.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
See Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma
\ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-smoothness-dimension-spaces}
noting that the definition of $\dim_u (U_x)$ used here coincides with
the definition used there, by Remark \ref{remark-relative-dimension} (2).
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-dimension-for-stacks}
If $\mathcal{X}$ is a locally Noetherian algebraic stack and
$x \in |\mathcal{X}|$. Let $U \to \mathcal{X}$ be a smooth morphism
from an algebraic space to $\mathcal{X}$, let $u$ be any point of $|U|$
mapping to $x$. Then we have
$$\dim_x(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_u(U) - \dim_{u}(U_x)$$
where the relative dimension $\dim_u(U_x)$ is defined
by Definition \ref{definition-relative-dimension} and the
dimension of $\mathcal{X}$ at $x$ is as in
Properties of Stacks, Definition
\ref{stacks-properties-definition-dimension-at-point}.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Lemma \ref{lemma-behaviour-of-dimensions-wrt-smooth-morphisms}
can be used to verify that the right hand side
$\dim_u(U) + \dim_u(U_x)$ is independent of the choice
of the smooth morphism $U \to \mathcal{X}$ and $u \in |U|$.
We omit the details. In particular, we may assume $U$ is a scheme.
In this case we can compute $\dim_u(U_x)$
by choosing the representative of $x$
to be the composite $\Spec \kappa(u) \to U \to \mathcal{X}$, where
the first morphism is the canonical one with image $u \in U$.
Then, if we write $R = U \times_{\mathcal{X}} U$, and let
$e : U \to R$ denote the diagonal morphism, the invariance of
relative dimension under base-change shows that
$\dim_u(U_x) = \dim_{e(u)}(R_u)$. Thus we see that
the right hand side is equal to
$\dim_u (U) - \dim_{e(u)}(R_u) = \dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ as desired.
\end{proof}

\begin{remark}
\label{remark-dimension-DM}
For Deligne--Mumford stacks which are suitably decent
(e.g.\ quasi-separated),
it will again be the case that $\dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ coincides with the
topologically
defined quantity $\dim_x |\mathcal{X}|$.  However, for more general Artin
stacks,
this will typically not be the case.  For example, if
$\mathcal{X} = [\mathbf{A}^1/\mathbf{G}_m]$
(over some field, with the quotient being taken with
respect to the usual multiplication action of $\mathbf{G}_m$ on $\mathbf{A}^1$),
then  $|\mathcal{X}|$ has two points, one the specialisation of the other
(corresponding
to the two orbits of $\mathbf{G}_m$ on $\mathbf{A}^1$), and hence is of
dimension $1$ as
a topological space; but $\dim_x (\mathcal{X}) = 0$ for both points
$x \in |\mathcal{X}|$.
(An even more extreme example is given by the classifying space
$[\Spec k/\mathbf{G}_m]$, whose dimension at its unique point
is equal to $-1$.)
\end{remark}

\noindent
We can now extend Definition \ref{definition-relative-dimension}
to the context of (locally finite type)
morphisms between (locally Noetherian) algebraic stacks.

\begin{definition}
\label{definition-relative-dimension-for-stacks}
If $f : \mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{X}$
is a locally of finite type morphism between
locally Noetherian algebraic stacks, and if
$t \in |\mathcal{T}|$ is a point with image $x \in |\mathcal{X}|$, then
we define the {\it relative dimension} of $f$ at $t$, denoted
$\dim_t(\mathcal{T}_x),$ as follows:
choose a morphism $\Spec k \to \mathcal{X}$, with source the spectrum of
a field, which represents $x$, and choose a point
$t' \in |\mathcal{T} \times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k|$
mapping to $t$ under the projection to $|\mathcal{T}|$
(such a point $t'$ exists, by
Properties of Stacks, Lemma
\ref{stacks-properties-lemma-points-cartesian}; then
$$\dim_t(\mathcal{T}_x) = \dim_{t'}(\mathcal{T} \times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k ).$$
\end{definition}

\noindent
Note that since $\mathcal{T}$ is an algebraic stack and $\mathcal{X}$ is an
algebraic stack, the fibre product $\mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k$
is an algebraic stack, which is locally Noetherian by
Morphisms of Stacks, Lemma
\ref{stacks-morphisms-lemma-locally-finite-type-locally-noetherian}.
Thus the quantity on the right side of this proposed definition
is defined by Properties of Stacks,
Definition \ref{stacks-properties-definition-dimension-at-point}.

\begin{remark}
\label{remark-dimension-tangent-space-well-defined}
Standard manipulations show that $\dim_t(\mathcal{T}_x)$ is well-defined,
independently of the choices made to compute it.
\end{remark}

\noindent
We now establish some basic properties of relative dimension, which
are obvious generalisations of the corresponding statements in the
case of morphisms of schemes.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-base-change-invariance-of-relative-dimension}
Suppose given
a Cartesian square of morphisms of locally Noetherian stacks
$$\xymatrix{ \mathcal{T}' \ar[d]\ar[r] & \mathcal{T} \ar[d] \\ \mathcal{X}' \ar[r] & \mathcal{X} }$$
in which the vertical morphisms are locally of finite type.
If $t' \in |\mathcal{T}'|$,
with images $t$, $x'$, and $x$ in $|\mathcal{T}|$, $|\mathcal{X}'|$, and
$|\mathcal{X}|$
respectively, then $\dim_{t'}(\mathcal{T}'_{x'}) = \dim_{t}(\mathcal{T}_x).$
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Both sides can (by definition) be computed as the
dimension of the same fibre product.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-behaviour-of-dimensions-wrt-smooth-morphisms-stacky}
If $f: \mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{X}$ is a smooth morphism of locally Noetherian
algebraic stacks, and
if $u \in |\mathcal{U}|$ with image $x \in |\mathcal{X}|$,
then
$$\dim_u (\mathcal{U}) = \dim_x(\mathcal{X}) + \dim_{u} (\mathcal{U}_x).$$
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Choose a smooth surjective morphism $V \to \mathcal{U}$ whose source
is a scheme, and let $v\in |V|$ be a point mapping to $u$.
Then the composite $V \to \mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{X}$ is also smooth,
and by Lemma \ref{lemma-behaviour-of-dimensions-wrt-smooth-morphisms}
we have $\dim_x(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_v(V) - \dim_v(V_x),$
while $\dim_u(\mathcal{U}) = \dim_v(V) - \dim_v(V_u).$
Thus
$$\dim_u(\mathcal{U}) - \dim_x(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_v (V_x) - \dim_v (V_u).$$

\medskip\noindent
Choose a representative $\Spec k \to \mathcal{X}$ of $x$
and choose a point $v' \in | V \times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k|$ lying over
$v$, with image $u'$ in $|\mathcal{U}\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k|$;
then by definition
$\dim_u(\mathcal{U}_x) = \dim_{u'}(\mathcal{U}\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k),$
and
$\dim_v(V_x) = \dim_{v'}(V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k).$

\medskip\noindent
Now $V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k \to \mathcal{U}\times_{\mathcal{X}}\Spec k$
is a smooth surjective morphism (being the base-change
of such a morphism) whose source is an algebraic space
(since $V$ and $\Spec k$ are schemes, and $\mathcal{X}$
is an algebraic stack).  Thus, again by definition,
we have
\begin{align*}
\dim_{u'}(\mathcal{U}\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k)
& =
\dim_{v'}(V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k) -
\dim_{v'}(V \times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k)_{u'}) \\
& = \dim_v(V_x) -
\dim_{v'}( (V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k)_{u'}).
\end{align*}
Now $V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k \cong V\times_{\mathcal{U}} (\mathcal{U}\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k),$
and so
Lemma \ref{lemma-base-change-invariance-of-relative-dimension}
shows that
$\dim_{v'}((V\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k)_{u'}) = \dim_v(V_u).$
Putting everything together, we find that
$$\dim_u(\mathcal{U}) - \dim_x(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_u(\mathcal{U}_x),$$
as required.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-relative-dimension-is-semi-continuous}
Let $f: \mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{X}$ be a locally of finite type morphism of
algebraic stacks.
\begin{enumerate}
\item
The function $t \mapsto \dim_t(\mathcal{T}_{f(t)})$ is upper semi-continuous
on $|\mathcal{T}|$.
\item If $f$ is smooth, then
the function $t \mapsto \dim_t(\mathcal{T}_{f(t)})$ is locally constant
on $|\mathcal{T}|$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Suppose to begin with that $\mathcal{T}$ is a scheme $T$,
let $U \to \mathcal{X}$ be a smooth surjective morphism whose source
is a scheme, and let $T' = T \times_{\mathcal{X}} U$.
Let $f': T' \to U$ be the pull-back of $f$ over $U$,
and let $g: T' \to T$ be the projection.

\medskip\noindent
Lemma \ref{lemma-base-change-invariance-of-relative-dimension}
shows that $\dim_{t'}(T'_{f'(t')}) = \dim_{g(t')}(T_{f(g(t'))}),$
for $t' \in T'$, while,
since $g$ is smooth and surjective (being the base-change
of a smooth surjective morphism) the map induced by $g$ on underlying
topological spaces is continuous and open
(by
Properties of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-properties-lemma-topology-points}), and
surjective. Thus it suffices to note that part (1) for the morphism $f'$
follows from
Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma
\ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-openness-bounded-dimension-fibres}, and part (2)
from either of Morphisms, Lemma
\ref{morphisms-lemma-flat-finite-presentation-CM-fibres-relative-dimension}
or
Morphisms, Lemma \ref{morphisms-lemma-smooth-omega-finite-locally-free}
(each of which gives the result for schemes, from which
the analogous results for algebraic spaces can
be deduced exactly as in
Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma
\ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-openness-bounded-dimension-fibres}.

\medskip\noindent
and choose a smooth surjective morphism
$h:V \to \mathcal{T}$ whose source is a scheme.
If $v \in V$, then, essentially by definition,
we have
$$\dim_{h(v)}(\mathcal{T}_{f(h(v))}) = \dim_{v}(V_{f(h(v))}) - \dim_{v}(V_{h(v)}).$$
Since $V$ is a scheme, we have proved that the first
of the terms on the right hand side of this equality
is upper semi-continuous (and even locally
constant if $f$ is smooth), while the second term is
in fact locally constant.
Thus their difference is upper semi-continuous
(and locally constant if $f$ is smooth),
and hence the function
$\dim_{h(v)}(\mathcal{T}_{f(h(v))})$
is upper semi-continuous on $|V|$ (and locally
constant if $f$ is smooth).
Since the morphism $|V| \to |\mathcal{T}|$ is open and surjective,
the lemma follows.
\end{proof}

\noindent
Before continuing with our development,
we prove two lemmas related to the dimension theory of schemes.

\medskip\noindent
To put the first lemma in context,
we note that if $X$ is a finite-dimensional scheme, then since $\dim X$
is defined to equal the supremum of the dimensions $\dim_x X$,
there exists a point $x \in X$ such that $\dim_x X = \dim X$.
The following lemma shows that we may furthermore take the point
$x$ to be of finite type.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-dimension-achieved-by-finite-type-point}
If $X$ is a finite-dimensional scheme,
then there exists a closed (and hence finite type) point $x \in X$
such that $\dim_x X = \dim X$.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Let $d = \dim X$,
and choose a maximal strictly decreasing
chain of irreducible closed subsets of $X$,
say

\label{equation-maximal-chain}
Z_0 \supset Z_1 \supset \ldots \supset Z_d.

The subset $Z_d$ is a minimal irreducible closed subset of $X$,
and thus any point of $Z_d$ is a generic point of $Z_d$.
Since the underlying topological space of the scheme $X$ is sober,
we conclude that $Z_d$ is a singleton, consisting of a single
closed point $x \in X$.
If $U$ is
any neighbourhood of $x$, then
the chain
$$U\cap Z_0 \supset U\cap Z_1 \supset \ldots \supset U\cap Z_d = Z_d = \{x\}$$
is then a strictly descending chain of irreducible
closed subsets of $U$, showing that $\dim U \geq d$.
Thus we find that $\dim_x X \geq d$.  The other inequality
being obvious, the lemma is proved.
\end{proof}

\noindent
The next lemma shows that $\dim_x X$ is a {\it constant} function
on an irreducible scheme satisfying some mild additional hypotheses.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-constancy-of-dimension}
If $X$ is an irreducible, Jacobson, catenary, and locally Noetherian
scheme of finite dimension,
then $\dim U = \dim X$ for every
non-empty open subset $U$ of $X$.
Equivalently, $\dim_x X$ is a constant function on $X$.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
The equivalence of the two claims follows directly from the
definitions.   Suppose, then, that $U\subset X$ is a non-empty open
subset.
Certainly $\dim U \leq \dim X$, and we have to show
that $\dim U \geq \dim X.$
Write $d = \dim X$, and choose a maximal strictly
decreasing chain of irreducible closed subsets
of $X$, say
$$X = Z_0 \supset Z_1 \supset \ldots \supset Z_d.$$
Since $X$ is Jacobson, the minimal irreducible closed
subset $Z_d$ is equal to $\{x\}$ for some closed
point $x$.

\medskip\noindent
If $x \in U,$ then
$$U = U \cap Z_0 \supset U\cap Z_1 \supset \ldots \supset U\cap Z_d = \{x\}$$
is a strictly decreasing chain of irreducible closed
subsets of $U$, and so we conclude that $\dim U \geq d$,
as required.  Thus we may suppose that $x \not\in U.$

\medskip\noindent
Consider the flat morphism $\Spec \mathcal{O}_{X,x} \to X$.
The non-empty (and hence dense) open subset $U$ of $X$
pulls back to an open subset $V \subset \Spec \mathcal{O}_{X,x}$.
Replacing $U$ by a non-empty quasi-compact, and hence
Noetherian, open subset, we may assume that the inclusion
$U \to X$ is a quasi-compact morphism.  Since the
formation of scheme-theoretic images of quasi-compact
morphisms commutes with flat base-change
Morphisms, Lemma
\ref{morphisms-lemma-flat-base-change-scheme-theoretic-image}
we see that $V$ is dense in $\Spec \mathcal{O}_{X,x}$,
and so in particular non-empty,
and of course $x \not\in V.$  (Here we use $x$ also to denote
the closed point of $\Spec \mathcal{O}_{X,x}$, since its image
is equal to the given point $x \in X$.)
Now $\Spec \mathcal{O}_{X,x} \setminus \{x\}$ is Jacobson
Properties, Lemma
\ref{properties-lemma-complement-closed-point-Jacobson}
and hence $V$ contains a closed point $z$
of $\Spec \mathcal{O}_{X,x} \setminus \{x\}$.  The closure
in $X$ of the image of $z$ is then an irreducible
closed subset $Z$ of $X$ containing $x$, whose intersection
with $U$ is non-empty, and
for which there is no irreducible closed
subset properly contained in $Z$
and properly containing $\{x\}$
(because pull-back to $\Spec \mathcal{O}_{X,x}$ induces
a bijection between irreducible closed subsets of $X$
containing $x$ and irreducible closed subsets of $\Spec \mathcal{O}_{X,x}$).
Since $U \cap Z$ is a non-empty closed subset of $U$,
it contains a point $u$ that is closed in $X$ (since
$X$ is Jacobson), and since $U\cap Z$
is a non-empty (and hence dense) open subset of the irreducible set $Z$
(which contains a point not lying in $U$, namely $x$),
the inclusion $\{u\} \subset U\cap Z$ is proper.

\medskip\noindent
As $X$ is catenary, the chain
$$X = Z_0 \supset Z \supset \{x\} = Z_d$$
can be refined to a chain of length $d+1$, which must then
be of the form
$$X = Z_0 \supset W_1 \supset \ldots \supset W_{d-1} = Z \supset \{x\} = Z_d.$$
Since $U\cap Z$ is non-empty, we then find that
$$U = U \cap Z_0 \supset U \cap W_1\supset \ldots \supset U\cap W_{d-1} = U\cap Z \supset \{u\}$$
is a strictly decreasing chain of irreducible closed subsets
of $U$ of length $d+1$, showing that $\dim U \geq d$,
as required.
\end{proof}

\noindent
We will prove a stack-theoretic analogue
of Lemma \ref{lemma-constancy-of-dimension}
in Lemma \ref{lemma-irreducible-implies-equidimensional} below,
but before doing so, we have to introduce an additional definition,
necessitated by the fact that the notion of a scheme being catenary
is not an \'etale local one
(see the example of
Algebra, Remark \ref{algebra-remark-universally-catenary-does-not-descend}
which makes it difficult to define what it means for an algebraic
space or algebraic stack to be catenary
(see the discussion of \cite[page 3]{Osserman}).
For certain aspects of dimension theory, the following
definition seems to provide a good substitute for the missing
notion of a catenary algebraic stack.

\begin{definition}
\label{definition-pseudo-catenary}
We say that a locally Noetherian algebraic stack $\mathcal{X}$
is {\it pseudo-catenary} if there exists a smooth
and surjective morphism $U \to \mathcal{X}$ whose source is
a universally catenary scheme.
\end{definition}

\begin{example}
\label{example-pseudo-catenary}
If $\mathcal{X}$ is locally of finite type over a universally
catenary locally Noetherian scheme $S$,
and $U\to \mathcal{X}$ is a smooth surjective morphism
whose source is a scheme, then the composite
$U \to \mathcal{X} \to S$ is locally of finite type,
and so $U$ is universally catenary
Morphisms, Lemma
\ref{morphisms-lemma-universally-catenary-local}.
Thus $\mathcal{X}$ is pseudo-catenary.
\end{example}

\noindent
The following lemma shows that the property of being pseudo-catenary
passes through finite-type morphisms.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-catenary-covers}
If $\mathcal{X}$ is a pseudo-catenary locally Noetherian algebraic
stack, and if $\mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{X}$ is a locally of finite type
morphism,
then there exists a smooth surjective morphism $V \to \mathcal{Y}$
whose source is a universally catenary scheme; thus
$\mathcal{Y}$ is again pseudo-catenary.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
By assumption we may find a smooth surjective morphism
$U \to \mathcal{X}$ whose source is a universally catenary scheme.
The base-change $U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathcal{Y}$ is then an algebraic
stack; let $V \to U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathcal{Y}$ be a smooth
surjective morphism whose source is a scheme.
The composite $V \to U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Y}$ is then
smooth and surjective (being a composite of smooth and
surjective morphisms), while the morphism $V \to U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathcal{Y} \to U$ is locally of finite type (being a composite
of morphisms that are locally finite type).  Since $U$
is universally catenary, we see that $V$ is universally catenary
(by Morphisms, Lemma
\ref{morphisms-lemma-universally-catenary-local}),
as claimed.
\end{proof}

\noindent
We now study the behaviour of the function $\dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ on
$|\mathcal{X}|$
(for some locally Noetherian stack $\mathcal{X}$) with respect to the
irreducible
components of $|\mathcal{X}|$, as well as various
related topics.

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-irreducible-implies-equidimensional}
If $\mathcal{X}$ is
a Jacobson, pseudo-catenary, and locally Noetherian  algebraic stack
for which $|\mathcal{X}|$ is irreducible,
then $\dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ is a constant function on $|\mathcal{X}|$.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
It suffices to show that $\dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ is locally constant on
$|\mathcal{X}|$,
since it will then necessarily be constant (as $|\mathcal{X}|$ is connected,
being irreducible).  Since $\mathcal{X}$ is pseudo-catenary,
we may find a smooth surjective morphism $U \to \mathcal{X}$ with $U$
being a univesally catenary scheme.  If $\{U_i\}$ is an
cover of $U$ by quasi-compact open subschemes, we may replace
$U$ by $\coprod U_i,$, and
it suffices to show that
the function $u \mapsto \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X})$ is locally constant on $U_i$.
Since we check this for one $U_i$ at a time, we now drop the subscript,
and write simply $U$ rather than $U_i$.
Since $U$ is quasi-compact, it
is the union of a finite number of irreducible components,
say $T_1 \cup \ldots \cup T_n$.  Note that each $T_i$ is Jacobson,
catenary, and locally Noetherian,
being a closed subscheme of the Jacobson, catenary, and locally Noetherian
scheme $U$.

\medskip\noindent
By Lemma \ref{lemma-behaviour-of-dimensions-wrt-smooth-morphisms}, we have
$\dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_{u}(U) - \dim_{u}(U_{f(u)}).$
Lemma \ref{lemma-relative-dimension-is-semi-continuous} (2)
shows that the second term in the right hand expression is locally
constant on $U$, as $f$ is smooth,
and hence we must show that $\dim_u(U)$
is locally constant on $U$.  Since $\dim_u(U)$ is the maximum
of the dimensions $\dim_u T_i$, as $T_i$ ranges over the components
of $U$ containing $u$, it suffices to show
that if a point $u$ lies on two distinct components,
say $T_i$ and $T_j$ (with $i \neq j$),
then $\dim_u T_i = \dim_u T_j$,
and then to note that $t\mapsto \dim_t T$ is a constant
function on an irreducible Jacobson,
catenary, and locally Noetherian scheme $T$
(as follows from Lemma \ref{lemma-constancy-of-dimension}).

\medskip\noindent
Let $V = T_i \setminus (\bigcup_{i' \neq i} T_{i'})$
and $W = T_j \setminus (\bigcup_{i' \neq j} T_{i'})$.
Then each of $V$ and $W$ is a non-empty open subset of $U$,
and so each has non-empty open image in $|\mathcal{X}|$.  As $|\mathcal{X}|$ is
irreducible,
these two non-empty open subsets of $|\mathcal{X}|$ have a non-empty
intersection.
Let $x$ be a point lying in this intersection, and let $v \in V$ and
$w\in W$ be points mapping to $x$.
We then find that
$$\dim T_i = \dim V = \dim_v (U) = \dim_x (\mathcal{X}) + \dim_v (U_x)$$
and similarly that
$$\dim T_j = \dim W = \dim_w (U) = \dim_x (\mathcal{X}) + \dim_w (U_x).$$
Since $u \mapsto \dim_u (U_{f(u)})$ is locally constant on $U$,
and since $T_i \cup T_j$ is connected (being the union of two irreducible,
hence connected, sets that have non-empty intersection),
we see that $\dim_v (U_x) = \dim_w(U_x)$,
and hence, comparing the preceding two equations,
that $\dim T_i = \dim T_j$, as required.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-closed-immersions}
If $\mathcal{Z} \hookrightarrow \mathcal{X}$ is a closed immersion
of locally Noetherian schemes,
and if $z \in |\mathcal{Z}|$ has image $x \in |\mathcal{X}|$,
then $\dim_z (\mathcal{Z}) \leq \dim_x(\mathcal{X})$.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Choose a smooth surjective morphism
$U\to \mathcal{X}$ whose source is a scheme;
the base-changed morphism
$V = U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \mathcal{Z} \to \mathcal{Z}$
is then also smooth and surjective, and the projection
$V \to U$ is a closed immersion.
If $v \in |V|$ maps to $z \in |\mathcal{Z}|$, and
if we let $u$ denote the image of $v$ in $|U|$,
then clearly
$\dim_v(V) \leq \dim_u(U)$,
while
$\dim_v (V_z) = \dim_u(U_x)$,
by Lemma \ref{lemma-base-change-invariance-of-relative-dimension}.
Thus
$$\dim_z(\mathcal{Z}) = \dim_v(V) - \dim_v(V_z) \leq \dim_u(U) - \dim_u(U_x) = \dim_x(\mathcal{X}),$$
as claimed.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-dimension-via-components}
If $\mathcal{X}$ is a locally Noetherian algebraic stack, and if
$x \in |\mathcal{X}|$,
then $\dim_x(\mathcal{X}) = \sup_{\mathcal{T}} \{ \dim_x(\mathcal{T}) \}$,
where $\mathcal{T}$ runs over all the irreducible components
of $|\mathcal{X}|$ passing through $x$ (endowed with their
induced reduced structure).
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Lemma \ref{lemma-closed-immersions}
shows that
$\dim_x (\mathcal{T}) \leq \dim_x(\mathcal{X})$ for each
irreducible component $\mathcal{T}$ passing through
the point $x$.   Thus to prove the lemma,
it suffices to show that

\label{equation-desired-inequality}
\dim_x(\mathcal{X}) \leq
\sup_{\mathcal{T}} \{\dim_x(\mathcal{T})\}.

Let $U\to\mathcal{X}$ be a smooth cover by a scheme. If $T$ is an irreducible
component of $U$ then we let $\mathcal{T}$ denote the closure of its image
in $\mathcal{X}$, which is an irreducible component of $\mathcal{X}$. Let
$u \in U$ be
a point mapping to $x$. Then we have
$\dim_x(\mathcal{X})=\dim_uU-\dim_uU_x=\sup_T\dim_uT-\dim_uU_x$, where the
supremum is over the irreducible components of $U$ passing
through $u$. Choose a component $T$ for which the supremum
is achieved, and note that
$\dim_x(\mathcal{T})=\dim_uT-\dim_u T_x$.
The desired inequality (\ref{equation-desired-inequality})
now follows from the evident inequality $\dim_u T_x \leq \dim_u U_x.$
(Note that if $\Spec k \to \mathcal{X}$ is a representative of $x$,
then $T\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k$ is a closed subspace of
$U\times_{\mathcal{X}} \Spec k$.)
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-dimension-at-finite-type-point}
If $\mathcal{X}$ is a locally Noetherian algebraic stack, and if
$x \in |\mathcal{X}|$, then
for any open substack $\mathcal{V}$ of $\mathcal{X}$ containing $x$,
there is a finite type point $x_0 \in |\mathcal{V}|$ such that
$\dim_{x_0}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_x(\mathcal{V})$.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Choose a smooth surjective
morphism  $f:U \to \mathcal{X}$ whose source is a scheme, and consider the
function $u \mapsto \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X});$
since the morphism $|U| \to |\mathcal{X}|$ induced by $f$ is open (as $f$
is smooth) as well as  surjective (by assumption),
and takes finite type points to finite type points (by the very definition
of the finite type points of $|\mathcal{X}|$),
it suffices to show that for any $u \in U$, and any open neighbourhood of $u$,
there is a finite type point $u_0$ in this neighbourhood such that
$\dim_{f(u_0)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X}).$
Since, with this reformulation
of the problem,  the surjectivity of $f$ is no longer required,
we may replace $U$ by the open neighbourhood of the point $u$ in question,
and thus reduce to the problem of showing that for each $u \in U$,
there is a finite type point $u_0 \in U$ such that
$\dim_{f(u_0)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X}).$
By Lemma \ref{lemma-behaviour-of-dimensions-wrt-smooth-morphisms}
$\dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_u(U) - \dim_u(U_{f(u)}),$
while
$\dim_{f(u_0)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_{u_0}(U) - \dim_{u_0}(U_{f(u_0)}).$
Since $f$ is smooth, the expression $\dim_{u_0}(U_{f(u_0)})$ is locally
constant as $u_0$ varies over $U$ (by
Lemma \ref{lemma-relative-dimension-is-semi-continuous} (2)),
and so shrinking $U$ further around
$u$ if necessary, we may assume it is constant.  Thus the problem
becomes to show that we may find a finite type point $u_0 \in U$
for which $\dim_{u_0}(U) = \dim_u(U)$.
Since by definition $\dim_u U$ is the minimum of the dimensions
$\dim V$, as $V$ ranges over the open neighbourhoods $V$ of $u$
in $U$, we may shrink $U$ down further around $u$ so that
$\dim_u U = \dim U$.
The existence of desired point $u_0$ then follows from
Lemma \ref{lemma-dimension-achieved-by-finite-type-point}.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-monomorphing-a-component-in-of-the-right-dimension}
Let $\mathcal{T} \hookrightarrow \mathcal{X}$ be a locally
of finite type monomorphism of algebraic stacks,
with $\mathcal{X}$ (and thus also $\mathcal{T}$)
being Jacobson, pseudo-catenary, and locally Noetherian.
Suppose further that $\mathcal{T}$ is irreducible
of some (finite) dimension $d$, and that $\mathcal{X}$ is reduced
and of dimension less
than or equal to $d$.
Then there is a non-empty open substack $\mathcal{V}$ of $\mathcal{T}$ such
that the induced
monomorphism $\mathcal{V} \hookrightarrow \mathcal{X}$ is an open immersion
which identifies
$\mathcal{V}$ with an open subset of an irreducible component of $\mathcal{X}$.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Choose a smooth surjective morphism $f:U \to \mathcal{X}$ with source a scheme,
necessarily reduced since $\mathcal{X}$ is,
and write $U' = \mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} U$.  The base-changed morphism
$U' \to U$ is a monomorphism of algebraic spaces, locally of finite
type, and thus representable
Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma
\ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-locally-quasi-finite-separated-representable} and
\ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-monomorphism-loc-finite-type-loc-quasi-finite};
since $U$ is a scheme, so is $U'$.
The projection $f': U' \to \mathcal{T}$ is again a smooth surjection.
Let $u' \in U'$, with image $u \in U$.
Lemma \ref{lemma-base-change-invariance-of-relative-dimension}
shows that $\dim_{u'}(U'_{f(u')}) = \dim_u(U_{f(u)}),$
while $\dim_{f'(u')}(\mathcal{T}) =d \geq \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X})$ by
Lemma \ref{lemma-irreducible-implies-equidimensional}
and our assumptions on $\mathcal{T}$ and $\mathcal{X}$.
Thus we see that

\label{equation-dim-inequality}
\dim_{u'} (U') = \dim_{u'} (U'_{f(u')}) + \dim_{f'(u')}(\mathcal{T})
\\
\geq \dim_u (U_{f(u)}) + \dim_{f(u)}(\mathcal{X}) = \dim_u (U).

Since $U' \to U$ is a monomorphism, locally of finite type,
it is in particular unramified,
and so by the \'etale local structure of unramified morphisms
\'Etale Morphisms, Lemma \ref{etale-lemma-finite-unramified-etale-local},
we may find a commutative diagram
$$\xymatrix{ V' \ar[r]\ar[d] & V \ar[d] \\ U' \ar[r] & U }$$
in which the scheme $V'$ is non-empty,
the vertical arrows are \'etale,
and the upper horizontal arrow is a closed immersion.
Replacing $V$ by a quasi-compact open subset
whose image has non-empty intersection with the image of $U'$,
and replacing $V'$ by the preimage of $V$, we may further
assume that $V$ (and thus $V'$) is quasi-compact.
Since $V$ is also locally Noetherian,
it is thus Noetherian, and so is the union of finitely many irreducible
components.

\medskip\noindent
Since \'etale morphisms preserve pointwise dimension
Descent, Lemma \ref{descent-lemma-dimension-at-point-local}
we deduce from (\ref{equation-dim-inequality})
that for any point $v' \in V'$,
with image $v \in V$, we have
$\dim_{v'}( V') \geq \dim_v(V)$.
In particular, the image of $V'$ can't be contained in the intersection
of two distinct irreducible components of $V$, and so we may find
at least one irreducible open subset of $V$ which has non-empty intersection
with $V'$; replacing $V$ by this subset, we may assume that $V$ is integral
(being both reduced and irreducible).  From the preceding inequality
on dimensions, we conclude that the closed immersion $V' \hookrightarrow V$
is in fact an isomorphism.
If we let $W$ denote the image of $V'$
in $U'$, then $W$ is a non-empty
open subset of $U'$ (as \'etale morphisms are open),
and the induced monomorphism $W \to U$ is \'etale
(since it is so \'etale locally on the source, i.e.\ after pulling back
to $V'$), and hence is an open immersion (being an \'etale monomorphism).
Thus, if we let $\mathcal{V}$ denote the image of $W$ in $\mathcal{T}$,
then $\mathcal{V}$ is a dense (equivalently, non-empty) open substack of
$\mathcal{T}$,
whose image is dense in an irreducible component of $\mathcal{X}$.
Finally,
we note that the morphism is $\mathcal{V} \to \mathcal{X}$ is smooth
(since its composite
with the smooth morphism $W\to \mathcal{V}$ is smooth),
and also a monomorphism, and thus is an open immersion.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-dims-of-images}
Let $f: \mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{X}$ be a locally of finite type
morphism of Jacobson, pseudo-catenary, and locally Noetherian
algebraic stacks,
whose source is irreducible and whose target is quasi-separated,
and let $\mathcal{Z} \hookrightarrow \mathcal{X}$ denote the scheme-theoretic
image of $\mathcal{T}$.
Then for every finite type point $t \in |T|$,
we have that
$\dim_t( \mathcal{T}_{f(t)}) \geq \dim \mathcal{T} - \dim \mathcal{Z}$,
and there is a non-empty (equivalently, dense)
open subset of $|\mathcal{T}|$ over which equality holds.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Replacing $\mathcal{X}$ by $\mathcal{Z}$, we may and do assume that $f$ is
scheme theoretically dominant,
and also that $\mathcal{X}$ is irreducible.
By the upper semi-continuity of fibre dimensions
(Lemma \ref{lemma-relative-dimension-is-semi-continuous} (1)),
it suffices to prove that the equality
$\dim_t( \mathcal{T}_{f(t)}) =\dim \mathcal{T} - \dim \mathcal{Z}$
holds for $t$ lying in
some non-empty open substack of $\mathcal{T}$.
For this reason, in the argument we are always free
to replace $\mathcal{T}$ by a non-empty open substack.

\medskip\noindent
Let $T' \to \mathcal{T}$ be a smooth surjective morphism whose source
is a scheme, and let $T$ be a non-empty quasi-compact open subset
of $T'$.  Since $\mathcal{Y}$ is quasi-separated, we find
that $T \to \mathcal{Y}$ is quasi-compact
(by Morphisms of Stacks, Lemma
\ref{stacks-morphisms-lemma-quasi-compact-permanence}, applied to the morphisms
$T \to \mathcal{Y} \to \Spec \mathbf{Z}$).
Thus, if we replace $\mathcal{T}$ by the image of $T$ in $\mathcal{T}$,
then we may assume (appealing to
Morphisms of Stacks, Lemma
\ref{stacks-morphisms-lemma-surjection-from-quasi-compact}
that the morphism $f:\mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{X}$ is quasi-compact.

\medskip\noindent
If we choose a smooth surjection $U \to \mathcal{X}$ with $U$ a scheme,
then Lemma \ref{lemma-map-of-components} ensures that
we may find an irreducible open subset $V$ of $U$ such
that $V \to \mathcal{X}$ is smooth and scheme-theoretically dominant.
Since scheme-theoretic dominance for quasi-compact morphisms
is preserved by flat base-change,
the base-change $\mathcal{T} \times_{\mathcal{X}} V \to V$
of the scheme-theoretically
dominant morphism $f$ is again
scheme-theoretically dominant.   We let $Z$ denote a scheme
admitting a smooth surjection onto this fibre product;
then $Z \to \mathcal{T} \times_{\mathcal{X}} V \to V$
is again scheme-theoretically dominant.
Thus we may find an irreducible
component $C$ of $Z$ which scheme-theoretically
dominates $V$.
Since the composite  $Z \to \mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V \to \mathcal{T}$
is smooth,
and since $\mathcal{T}$ is irreducible,
Lemma \ref{lemma-map-of-components} shows that any irreducible
component of the source has dense image in $|\mathcal{T}|$.
We now replace
$C$ by a non-empty open subset $W$ which is disjoint from every other
irreducible component of $Z$, and
then replace $\mathcal{T}$ and $\mathcal{X}$ by the images of $W$
and $V$
(and apply Lemma \ref{lemma-irreducible-implies-equidimensional}
to see that this
doesn't change the dimension of either $\mathcal{T}$ or $\mathcal{X}$).
If we let $\mathcal{W}$ denote the image of the morphism
$W \to \mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V$,
then $\mathcal{W}$ is open in $\mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V$ (since the
morphism $W \to \mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V$ is smooth),
and is irreducible (being the image of an irreducible
scheme).  Thus we end up with a commutative diagram
$$\xymatrix{ W \ar[dr] \ar[r] & \mathcal{W} \ar[r] \ar[d] & V \ar[d] \\ & \mathcal{T} \ar[r] & \mathcal{X} }$$
in which $W$ and $V$ are schemes,
the vertical arrows are smooth and surjective,
the diagonal arrows and the left-hand
upper horizontal arroware smooth,
and the induced morphism $\mathcal{W} \to \mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V$ is
an open immersion. Using this diagram, together with the definitions
of the various dimensions involved in
the statement of the lemma, we will reduce our verification
of the lemma to the case of schemes, where it is known.

\medskip\noindent
Fix $w \in |W|$ with image $w' \in |\mathcal{W}|$,
image $t \in |\mathcal{T}|$, image $v$ in $|V|$,
and image $x$ in $|\mathcal{X}|$.
Essentially by definition (using the
fact that $\mathcal{W}$ is open in $\mathcal{T}\times_{\mathcal{X}} V$, and that
the fibre of a base-change is the base-change of the fibre),
we obtain the equalities
$$\dim_v V_x = \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_t$$
and
$$\dim_t \mathcal{T}_x = \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_v.$$
By Lemma \ref{lemma-behaviour-of-dimensions-wrt-smooth-morphisms}
(the diagonal arrow and right-hand vertical
arrow in our diagram realise $W$ and $V$ as smooth covers by
schemes of the stacks $\mathcal{T}$ and $\mathcal{X}$), we find that
$$\dim_t \mathcal{T} = \dim_w W - \dim_w W_t$$
and
$$\dim_x \mathcal{X} = \dim_v V - \dim_v V_x.$$
Combining the equalities, we find that
$$\dim_t \mathcal{T}_x - \dim_t \mathcal{T} + \dim_x \mathcal{X} = \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_v - \dim_w W + \dim_w W_t + \dim_v V - \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_t$$
Since $W \to \mathcal{W}$ is a smooth surjection, the same is true
if we base-change over the morphism $\Spec \kappa(v) \to V$
(thinking of $W \to \mathcal{W}$ as a morphism over $V$),
and from this smooth morphism we obtain the first of the following
two equalities
$$\dim_w W_v - \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_v = \dim_w (W_v)_{w'} = \dim_w W_{w'};$$
the second equality follows via a direct comparison of the
two fibres involved.
Similarly, if we think of $W \to \mathcal{W}$ as a morphism of schemes
over $\mathcal{T}$, and base-change over some representative of the point
$t \in |\mathcal{T}|$, we obtain the equalities
$$\dim_w W_t - \dim_{w'} \mathcal{W}_t = \dim_w (W_t)_{w'} = \dim_w W_{w'}.$$
Putting everything together, we find that
$$\dim_t \mathcal{T}_x - \dim_t \mathcal{T} + \dim_x \mathcal{X} = \dim_w W_v - \dim_w W + \dim_v V.$$
Our goal is to show that the left-hand side of this equality
vanishes for a non-empty open subset
of $t$.  As $w$ varies over a non-empty open subset of $W$,
its image $t \in |\mathcal{T}|$ varies over a non-empty open
subset of $|\mathcal{T}|$ (as $W \to \mathcal{T}$ is smooth).

\medskip\noindent
We are therefore reduced to showing that if $W\to V$ is a
scheme-theoretically dominant morphism of irreducible locally
Noetherian schemes that is locally of finite type,
then there is a non-empty open subset of
points $w\in W$ such that $\dim_w W_v =\dim_w W - \dim_v V$
(where $v$ denotes the image of $w$ in $V$).
This is a standard fact,
whose proof we recall for the convenience of the reader.

\medskip\noindent
We may replace $W$ and $V$ by their underlying reduced subschemes
without altering the validity (or not) of this equation,
and thus we may assume that they are in fact integral schemes.
Since $\dim_w W_v$ is locally constant on $W,$ replacing $W$
by a non-empty open subset if necessary, we may assume that $\dim_w W_v$
is constant, say equal to $d$.  Choosing this open subset to be affine,
we may also assume that the morphism $W\to V$ is in fact of finite type.
Replacing $V$ by a non-empty open subset if necessary
(and then pulling back $W$ over this open subset; the resulting pull-back
is non-empty, since the flat base-change of a quasi-compact
and scheme-theoretically
dominant morphism remains scheme-theoretically dominant),
we may furthermore assume that $W$ is flat over $V$.
The morphism $W\to V$ is thus of relative dimension $d$
in the sense of
Morphisms, Definition
\ref{morphisms-definition-relative-dimension-d}
and it follows from
Morphisms, Lemma \ref{morphisms-lemma-rel-dimension-dimension}
that $\dim_w(W) = \dim_v(V) + d,$ as required.
\end{proof}

\begin{remark}
\label{remark-negative-dimension}
We note that in the context of the preceding lemma,
it need not be that $\dim \mathcal{T} \geq \dim \mathcal{Z}$; this does
not contradict the inequality in the statement of the lemma, because
the fibres of the morphism $f$ are again algebraic stacks, and
so may have negative dimension.  This is illustrated by taking
$k$ to be a field, and applying the lemma to the morphism
$[\Spec k/\mathbf{G}_m] \to \Spec k$.

\medskip\noindent
If the morphism $f$ in the statement of the lemma is assumed
to be quasi-DM (in the sense of
Morphisms of Stacks, Definition
\ref{stacks-morphisms-definition-separated}; e.g.\ morphisms that are
representable by algebraic spaces are quasi-DM),
then the fibres of the morphism over points of the target
are quasi-DM algebraic stacks, and hence are of non-negative
dimension.  In this case, the lemma implies
that indeed $\dim \mathcal{T} \geq \dim \mathcal{Z}$.  In fact, we obtain
the following more general result.
\end{remark}

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-dims-of-images-two}
Let $f: \mathcal{T} \to \mathcal{X}$ be a locally of finite type
morphism of Jacobson, pseudo-catenary, and locally Noetherian
algebraic stacks
which is quasi-DM,
whose source is irreducible and whose target is quasi-separated,
and let $\mathcal{Z} \hookrightarrow \mathcal{X}$ denote the scheme-theoretic
image of $\mathcal{T}$.
Then $\dim \mathcal{Z} \leq \dim \mathcal{T}$,
and furthermore, exactly one of the following two conditions holds:
\begin{enumerate}
\item for every finite type point $t \in |T|,$
we have
$\dim_t(\mathcal{T}_{f(t)}) > 0,$ in which
case $\dim \mathcal{Z} < \dim \mathcal{T}$; or
\item   $\mathcal{T}$ and $\mathcal{Z}$
are of the same dimension.
\end{enumerate}
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
As was observed in the preceding remark,
the dimension of a quasi-DM stack is always non-negative,
from which we conclude that $\dim_t \mathcal{T}_{f(t)} \geq 0$
for all $t \in |\mathcal{T}|$, with the equality
$$\dim_t \mathcal{T}_{f(t)} = \dim_t \mathcal{T} - \dim_{f(t)} \mathcal{Z}$$
holding
for a dense open subset of points $t\in |\mathcal{T}|$.
\end{proof}

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