# The Stacks Project

## Tag 0738

Lemma 7.17.5. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a site. Let $\mathcal{I} \to \mathop{\textit{Sh}}\nolimits(\mathcal{C})$, $i \mapsto \mathcal{F}_i$ be a filtered diagram of sheaves of sets. Let $U \in \mathop{\rm Ob}\nolimits(\mathcal{C})$. Consider the canonical map $$\Psi : \mathop{\rm colim}\nolimits_i \mathcal{F}_i(U) \longrightarrow \left(\mathop{\rm colim}\nolimits_i \mathcal{F}_i\right)(U)$$ With the terminology introduced above:

1. If all the transition maps are injective then $\Psi$ is injective for any $U$.
2. If $U$ is quasi-compact, then $\Psi$ is injective.
3. If $U$ is quasi-compact and all the transition maps are injective then $\Psi$ is an isomorphism.
4. If $U$ has a cofinal system of coverings $\{U_j \to U\}_{j \in J}$ with $J$ finite and $U_j \times_U U_{j'}$ quasi-compact for all $j, j' \in J$, then $\Psi$ is bijective.

Proof. Assume all the transition maps are injective. In this case the presheaf $\mathcal{F}' : V \mapsto \mathop{\rm colim}\nolimits_i \mathcal{F}_i(V)$ is separated (see Definition 7.10.9). By Lemma 7.10.13 we have $(\mathcal{F}')^\# = \mathop{\rm colim}\nolimits_i \mathcal{F}_i$. By Theorem 7.10.10 we see that $\mathcal{F}' \to (\mathcal{F}')^\#$ is injective. This proves (1).

Assume $U$ is quasi-compact. Suppose that $s \in \mathcal{F}_i(U)$ and $s' \in \mathcal{F}_{i'}(U)$ give rise to elements on the left hand side which have the same image under $\Psi$. This means we can choose a covering $\{U_a \to U\}_{a \in A}$ and for each $a \in A$ an index $i_a \in I$, $i_a \geq i$, $i_a \geq i'$ such that $\varphi_{ii_a}(s) = \varphi_{i'i_a}(s')$. Because $U$ is quasi-compact we can choose a covering $\{V_b \to U\}_{b \in B}$, a map $\alpha : B \to A$ with finite image, and morphisms $V_b \to U_{\alpha(b)}$ over $U$. Pick $i''\in I$ to be $\geq$ than all of the $i_{\alpha(b)}$ which is possible because the image of $\alpha$ is finite. We conclude that $\varphi_{ii''}(s)$ and $\varphi_{i'i''}(s)$ agree on $V_b$ for all $b \in B$ and hence that $\varphi_{ii''}(s) = \varphi_{i'i''}(s)$. This proves (2).

Assume $U$ is quasi-compact and all transition maps injective. Let $s$ be an element of the target of $\Psi$. There exists a covering $\{U_a \to U\}_{a \in A}$ and for each $a \in A$ an index $i_a \in I$ and a section $s_a \in \mathcal{F}_{i_a}(U_a)$ such that $s|_{U_a}$ comes from $s_a$ for all $a \in A$. Because $U$ is quasi-compact we can choose a covering $\{V_b \to U\}_{b \in B}$, a map $\alpha : B \to A$ with finite image, and morphisms $V_b \to U_{\alpha(b)}$ over $U$. Pick $i \in I$ to be $\geq$ than all of the $i_{\alpha(b)}$ which is possible because the image of $\alpha$ is finite. By (1) the sections $s_b = \varphi_{i_{\alpha(b)} i}(s_{\alpha(b)})|_{V_b}$ agree over $V_b \times_U V_{b'}$. Hence they glue to a section $s' \in \mathcal{F}_i(U)$ which maps to $s$ under $\Psi$. This proves (3).

Assume the hypothesis of (4). Let $s$ be an element of the target of $\Psi$. By assumption there exists a finite covering $\{U_j \to U\}_{j = 1, \ldots, m} U_j$, with $U_j \times_U U_{j'}$ quasi-compact for all $j, j' \in J$ and for each $j$ an index $i_j \in I$ and $s_j \in \mathcal{F}_{i_j}(U_j)$ such that $s|_{U_j}$ is the image of $s_j$ for all $j$. Since $U_j \times_U U_{j'}$ is quasi-compact we can apply (2) and we see that there exists an $i_{jj'} \in I$, $i_{jj'} \geq i_j$, $i_{jj'} \geq i_{j'}$ such that $\varphi_{i_ji_{jj'}}(s_j)$ and $\varphi_{i_{j'}i_{jj'}}(s_{j'})$ agree over $U_j \times_U U_{j'}$. Choose an index $i \in I$ wich is bigger or equal than all the $i_{jj'}$. Then we see that the sections $\varphi_{i_ji}(s_j)$ of $\mathcal{F}_i$ glue to a section of $\mathcal{F}_i$ over $U$. This section is mapped to the element $s$ as desired. $\square$

The code snippet corresponding to this tag is a part of the file sites.tex and is located in lines 3194–3219 (see updates for more information).

\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma-directed-colimits-sections}
Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a site. Let
$\mathcal{I} \to \Sh(\mathcal{C})$, $i \mapsto \mathcal{F}_i$
be a filtered diagram of sheaves of sets.
Let $U \in \Ob(\mathcal{C})$.
Consider the canonical map
$$\Psi : \colim_i \mathcal{F}_i(U) \longrightarrow \left(\colim_i \mathcal{F}_i\right)(U)$$
With the terminology introduced above:
\begin{enumerate}
\item If all the transition maps are injective then
$\Psi$ is injective for any $U$.
\item If $U$ is quasi-compact, then $\Psi$ is injective.
\item If $U$ is quasi-compact and all the transition maps are injective
then $\Psi$ is an isomorphism.
\item If $U$ has a cofinal system of coverings
$\{U_j \to U\}_{j \in J}$ with
$J$ finite and $U_j \times_U U_{j'}$ quasi-compact
for all $j, j' \in J$, then $\Psi$ is bijective.
\end{enumerate}
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Assume all the transition maps are injective. In this case the presheaf
$\mathcal{F}' : V \mapsto \colim_i \mathcal{F}_i(V)$ is
separated (see Definition \ref{definition-separated}).
By Lemma \ref{lemma-colimit-sheaves}
we have
$(\mathcal{F}')^\# = \colim_i \mathcal{F}_i$.
By Theorem \ref{theorem-plus}
we see that $\mathcal{F}' \to (\mathcal{F}')^\#$ is injective.
This proves (1).

\medskip\noindent
Assume $U$ is quasi-compact. Suppose that $s \in \mathcal{F}_i(U)$ and
$s' \in \mathcal{F}_{i'}(U)$ give rise to elements on
the left hand side which have the same image under $\Psi$.
This means we can choose a covering $\{U_a \to U\}_{a \in A}$
and for each $a \in A$ an index $i_a \in I$, $i_a \geq i$, $i_a \geq i'$
such that $\varphi_{ii_a}(s) = \varphi_{i'i_a}(s')$.
Because $U$ is quasi-compact we can choose a covering
$\{V_b \to U\}_{b \in B}$, a map $\alpha : B \to A$ with finite image,
and morphisms $V_b \to U_{\alpha(b)}$ over $U$.
Pick $i''\in I$ to be $\geq$ than all of the $i_{\alpha(b)}$
which is possible because the image of $\alpha$ is finite.
We conclude that $\varphi_{ii''}(s)$ and $\varphi_{i'i''}(s)$
agree on $V_b$ for all $b \in B$ and hence that
$\varphi_{ii''}(s) = \varphi_{i'i''}(s)$. This proves (2).

\medskip\noindent
Assume $U$ is quasi-compact and all transition maps injective.
Let $s$ be an element of the target of $\Psi$. There exists a covering
$\{U_a \to U\}_{a \in A}$ and for each $a \in A$ an index $i_a \in I$
and a section $s_a \in \mathcal{F}_{i_a}(U_a)$
such that $s|_{U_a}$ comes from $s_a$ for all $a \in A$.
Because $U$ is quasi-compact we can choose a covering
$\{V_b \to U\}_{b \in B}$, a map $\alpha : B \to A$ with finite image,
and morphisms $V_b \to U_{\alpha(b)}$ over $U$.
Pick $i \in I$ to be $\geq$ than all of the $i_{\alpha(b)}$
which is possible because the image of $\alpha$ is finite.
By (1) the sections
$s_b = \varphi_{i_{\alpha(b)} i}(s_{\alpha(b)})|_{V_b}$
agree over $V_b \times_U V_{b'}$.
Hence they glue to a section
$s' \in \mathcal{F}_i(U)$ which maps to $s$ under $\Psi$.
This proves (3).

\medskip\noindent
Assume the hypothesis of (4).
Let $s$ be an element of the target of $\Psi$.
By assumption there  exists a finite covering
$\{U_j \to U\}_{j = 1, \ldots, m} U_j$, with $U_j \times_U U_{j'}$
quasi-compact for all $j, j' \in J$ and
for each $j$ an index $i_j \in I$ and $s_j \in \mathcal{F}_{i_j}(U_j)$
such that $s|_{U_j}$ is the image of $s_j$ for all $j$.
Since $U_j \times_U U_{j'}$ is quasi-compact we can apply (2)
and we see that there exists an $i_{jj'} \in I$,
$i_{jj'} \geq i_j$, $i_{jj'} \geq i_{j'}$ such that
$\varphi_{i_ji_{jj'}}(s_j)$ and $\varphi_{i_{j'}i_{jj'}}(s_{j'})$
agree over $U_j \times_U U_{j'}$. Choose an index $i \in I$
wich is bigger or equal than all the $i_{jj'}$. Then we see that
the sections $\varphi_{i_ji}(s_j)$ of $\mathcal{F}_i$ glue
to a section of $\mathcal{F}_i$ over $U$. This section is mapped
to the element $s$ as desired.
\end{proof}

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