The Stacks project

Proof. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a $\mathcal{H}$-torsor. Consider the free abelian sheaf $\mathbf{Z}[\mathcal{F}]$ on $\mathcal{F}$. It is the sheafification of the rule which associates to $U \subset X$ open the collection of finite formal sums $\sum n_ i[s_ i]$ with $n_ i \in \mathbf{Z}$ and $s_ i \in \mathcal{F}(U)$. There is a natural map

which to a local section $\sum n_ i[s_ i]$ associates $\sum n_ i$. The kernel of $\sigma $ is generated by the local section of the form $[s] - [s']$. There is a canonical map $a : \mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(\sigma ) \to \mathcal{H}$ which maps $[s] - [s'] \mapsto h$ where $h$ is the local section of $\mathcal{H}$ such that $h \cdot s = s'$. Consider the pushout diagram

Here $\mathcal{E}$ is the extension obtained by pushout. From the long exact cohomology sequence associated to the lower short exact sequence we obtain an element $\xi = \xi _\mathcal {F} \in H^1(X, \mathcal{H})$ by applying the boundary operator to $1 \in H^0(X, \underline{\mathbf{Z}})$.

Conversely, given $\xi \in H^1(X, \mathcal{H})$ we can associate to $\xi $ a torsor as follows. Choose an embedding $\mathcal{H} \to \mathcal{I}$ of $\mathcal{H}$ into an injective abelian sheaf $\mathcal{I}$. We set $\mathcal{Q} = \mathcal{I}/\mathcal{H}$ so that we have a short exact sequence

The element $\xi $ is the image of a global section $q \in H^0(X, \mathcal{Q})$ because $H^1(X, \mathcal{I}) = 0$ (see Derived Categories, Lemma 13.20.4). Let $\mathcal{F} \subset \mathcal{I}$ be the subsheaf (of sets) of sections that map to $q$ in the sheaf $\mathcal{Q}$. It is easy to verify that $\mathcal{F}$ is a torsor.

We omit the verification that the two constructions given above are mutually inverse. $\square$