The Stacks project

Example 9.26.8. Let $X$ be a compact Riemann surface. Then the function field $\mathbf{C}(X)$ (see Example 9.3.6) has transcendence degree one over $\mathbf{C}$. In fact, any finitely generated extension of $\mathbf{C}$ of transcendence degree one arises from a Riemann surface. There is even an equivalence of categories between the category of compact Riemann surfaces and (non-constant) holomorphic maps and the opposite of the category of finitely generated extensions of $\mathbf{C}$ of transcendence degree $1$ and morphisms of $\mathbf{C}$-algebras. See [Forster].

There is an algebraic version of the above statement as well. Given an (irreducible) algebraic curve in projective space over an algebraically closed field $k$ (e.g. the complex numbers), one can consider its “field of rational functions”: basically, functions that look like quotients of polynomials, where the denominator does not identically vanish on the curve. There is a similar anti-equivalence of categories (Algebraic Curves, Theorem 53.2.6) between smooth projective curves and non-constant morphisms of curves and finitely generated extensions of $k$ of transcendence degree one. See [H].