The Stacks project

Proof. Consider the set $\Lambda $ of pairs $(E, F)$ where $E \subset R$ is a finite subset, $F \subset S$ is a finite subset, and every element $f \in F$ is the root of a monic $P(X) \in R[X]$ whose coefficients are in $E$. Say $(E, F) \leq (E', F')$ if $E \subset E'$ and $F \subset F'$. Given $\lambda = (E, F) \in \Lambda $ set $R_\lambda \subset R$ equal to the $\mathbf{Z}$-subalgebra of $R$ generated by $E$ and $S_\lambda \subset S$ equal to the $\mathbf{Z}$-subalgebra generated by $F$ and the image of $E$ in $S$. It is clear that $R = \mathop{\mathrm{colim}}\nolimits R_\lambda $. We have $S = \mathop{\mathrm{colim}}\nolimits S_\lambda $ as every element of $S$ is integral over $S$. The ring maps $R_\lambda \to S_\lambda $ are finite by Lemma 10.36.5 and the fact that $S_\lambda $ is generated over $R_\lambda $ by the elements of $F$ which are integral over $R_\lambda $ by our condition on the pairs $(E, F)$. The lemma follows. $\square$