Lemma 10.126.6. Let $\varphi : R \to S$ be a ring map. Let $\mathfrak q \subset S$ be a prime lying over $\mathfrak p \subset R$. Assume
$S$ is of finite presentation over $R$,
$\varphi $ induces an isomorphism $R_\mathfrak p \cong S_\mathfrak q$.
Then there exist $f \in R$, $f \not\in \mathfrak p$ and an $R_ f$-algebra $C$ such that $S_ f \cong R_ f \times C$ as $R_ f$-algebras.
Proof.
Write $S = R[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]/(g_1, \ldots , g_ m)$. Let $a_ i \in R_\mathfrak p$ be an element mapping to the image of $x_ i$ in $S_\mathfrak q$. Write $a_ i = b_ i/f$ for some $f \in R$, $f \not\in \mathfrak p$. After replacing $R$ by $R_ f$ and $x_ i$ by $x_ i - a_ i$ we may assume that $S = R[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]/(g_1, \ldots , g_ m)$ such that $x_ i$ maps to zero in $S_\mathfrak q$. Then if $c_ j$ denotes the constant term of $g_ j$ we conclude that $c_ j$ maps to zero in $R_\mathfrak p$. After another replacement of $R$ we may assume that the constant coefficients $c_ j$ of the $g_ j$ are zero. Thus we obtain an $R$-algebra map $S \to R$, $x_ i \mapsto 0$ whose kernel is the ideal $(x_1, \ldots , x_ n)$.
Note that $\mathfrak q = \mathfrak pS + (x_1, \ldots , x_ n)$. Write $g_ j = \sum a_{ji}x_ i + h.o.t.$. Since $S_\mathfrak q = R_\mathfrak p$ we have $\mathfrak p \otimes \kappa (\mathfrak p) = \mathfrak q \otimes \kappa (\mathfrak q)$. It follows that $m \times n$ matrix $A = (a_{ji})$ defines a surjective map $\kappa (\mathfrak p)^{\oplus m} \to \kappa (\mathfrak p)^{\oplus n}$. Thus after inverting some element of $R$ not in $\mathfrak p$ we may assume there are $b_{ij} \in R$ such that $\sum b_{ij} g_ j = x_ i + h.o.t.$. We conclude that $(x_1, \ldots , x_ n) = (x_1, \ldots , x_ n)^2$ in $S$. It follows from Lemma 10.21.5 that $(x_1, \ldots , x_ n)$ is generated by an idempotent $e$. Setting $C = eS$ finishes the proof.
$\square$
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