## 10.34 Hilbert Nullstellensatz

Theorem 10.34.1 (Hilbert Nullstellensatz). Let $k$ be a field.

1. For any maximal ideal $\mathfrak m \subset k[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]$ the field extension $k \subset \kappa (\mathfrak m)$ is finite.

2. Any radical ideal $I \subset k[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]$ is the intersection of maximal ideals containing it.

The same is true in any finite type $k$-algebra.

Proof. It is enough to prove part (1) of the theorem for the case of a polynomial algebra $k[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]$, because any finitely generated $k$-algebra is a quotient of such a polynomial algebra. We prove this by induction on $n$. The case $n = 0$ is clear. Suppose that $\mathfrak m$ is a maximal ideal in $k[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]$. Let $\mathfrak p \subset k[x_ n]$ be the intersection of $\mathfrak m$ with $k[x_ n]$.

If $\mathfrak p \not= (0)$, then $\mathfrak p$ is maximal and generated by an irreducible monic polynomial $P$ (because of the Euclidean algorithm in $k[x_ n]$). Then $k' = k[x_ n]/\mathfrak p$ is a finite field extension of $k$ and contained in $\kappa (\mathfrak m)$. In this case we get a surjection

$k'[x_1, \ldots , x_{n-1}] \to k'[x_1, \ldots , x_ n] = k' \otimes _ k k[x_1, \ldots , x_ n] \longrightarrow \kappa (\mathfrak m)$

and hence we see that $\kappa (\mathfrak m)$ is a finite extension of $k'$ by induction hypothesis. Thus $\kappa (\mathfrak m)$ is finite over $k$ as well.

If $\mathfrak p = (0)$ we consider the ring extension $k[x_ n] \subset k[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]/\mathfrak m$. This is a finitely generated ring extension, hence of finite presentation by Lemmas 10.31.3 and 10.31.4. Thus the image of $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(k[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]/\mathfrak m)$ in $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(k[x_ n])$ is constructible by Theorem 10.29.10. Since the image contains $(0)$ we conclude that it contains a standard open $D(f)$ for some $f\in k[x_ n]$ nonzero. Since clearly $D(f)$ is infinite we get a contradiction with the assumption that $k[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]/\mathfrak m$ is a field (and hence has a spectrum consisting of one point).

To prove part (2) let $I \subset R$ be a radical ideal, with $R$ of finite type over $k$. Let $f \in R$, $f \not\in I$. Pick a maximal ideal $\mathfrak m'$ in the nonzero ring $R_ f/IR_ f = (R/I)_ f$. Let $\mathfrak m \subset R$ be the inverse image of $\mathfrak m'$ in $R$. We see that $I \subset \mathfrak m$ and $f \not\in \mathfrak m$. If we show that $\mathfrak m$ is a maximal ideal of $R$, then we are done. We clearly have

$k \subset R/\mathfrak m \subset \kappa (\mathfrak m').$

By part (1) the field extension $k \subset \kappa (\mathfrak m')$ is finite. Hence $R/\mathfrak m$ is a field by Fields, Lemma 9.8.10. Thus $\mathfrak m$ is maximal and the proof is complete. $\square$

Lemma 10.34.2. Let $R$ be a ring. Let $K$ be a field. If $R \subset K$ and $K$ is of finite type over $R$, then there exists an $f \in R$ such that $R_ f$ is a field, and $R_ f \subset K$ is a finite field extension.

Proof. By Lemma 10.30.2 there exist a nonempty open $U \subset \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(R)$ contained in the image $\{ (0)\}$ of $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(K) \to \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(R)$. Choose $f \in R$, $f \not= 0$ such that $D(f) \subset U$, i.e., $D(f) = \{ (0)\}$. Then $R_ f$ is a domain whose spectrum has exactly one point and $R_ f$ is a field. Then $K$ is a finitely generated algebra over the field $R_ f$ and hence a finite field extension of $R_ f$ by the Hilbert Nullstellensatz (Theorem 10.34.1). $\square$

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