The Stacks project

Proof. Let $\varphi : U \to X$ be an étale morphism. Then by properties of étale morphisms (Proposition 59.26.2), $U = \coprod _ i U_ i$ where each $U_ i$ is a smooth curve mapping to $X$. The above sequence for $U$ is a product of the corresponding sequences for each $U_ i$, so it suffices to treat the case where $U$ is connected, hence irreducible. In this case, there is a well known exact sequence

This amounts to a sequence

which, unfolding definitions, is nothing but a sequence

This defines the maps in the Fundamental Exact Sequence and shows it is exact except possibly at the last step. To see surjectivity, let us recall that if $U$ is a nonsingular curve and $D$ is a divisor on $U$, then there exists a Zariski open covering $\{ U_ j \to U\}$ of $U$ such that $D|_{U_ j} = \text{div}(f_ j)$ for some $f_ j \in k(U)^*$. $\square$

Proof. We need to show that $(R^ q j_*\mathbf{G}_{m, \eta })_{\bar x} = 0$ for every geometric point $\bar x$ of $X$.

Assume that $\bar x$ lies over a closed point $x$ of $X$. Let $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A)$ be an affine open neighbourhood of $x$ in $X$, and $K$ the fraction field of $A$. Then

The ring $\mathcal{O}^{sh}_{X, \bar x} \otimes _ A K$ is a localization of the discrete valuation ring $\mathcal{O}^{sh}_{X, \bar x}$, so it is either $\mathcal{O}^{sh}_{X, \bar x}$ again, or its fraction field $K^{sh}_{\bar x}$. But since some local uniformizer gets inverted, it must be the latter. Hence

Now recall that $\mathcal{O}^{sh}_{X, \bar x} = \mathop{\mathrm{colim}}\nolimits _{(U, \bar u) \to \bar x} \mathcal{O}(U) = \mathop{\mathrm{colim}}\nolimits _{A \subset B} B$ where $A \to B$ is étale, hence $K^{sh}_{\bar x}$ is an algebraic extension of $K = k(X)$, and we may apply Lemma 59.67.12 to get the vanishing.

Assume that $\bar x = \bar\eta$ lies over the generic point $\eta$ of $X$ (in fact, this case is superfluous). Then $\mathcal{O}^{sh}_{X, \bar\eta } = \kappa (\eta )^{sep}$ and thus

since the corresponding Galois group is trivial. $\square$

Proof. The Leray spectral sequence reads

which vanishes for $p+q \geq 1$ by Lemma 59.67.12. Taking $q = 0$, we get the desired vanishing. $\square$

Proof. For $X$ quasi-compact and quasi-separated, cohomology commutes with colimits, so it suffices to show the vanishing of $H_{\acute{e}tale}^ q(X, {i_ x}_* \underline{\mathbf{Z}})$. But then the inclusion $i_ x$ of a closed point is finite so $R^ p {i_ x}_* \underline{\mathbf{Z}} = 0$ for all $p \geq 1$ by Proposition 59.55.2. Applying the Leray spectral sequence, we see that $H_{\acute{e}tale}^ q(X, {i_ x}_* \underline{\mathbf{Z}}) = H_{\acute{e}tale}^ q(x, \underline{\mathbf{Z}})$. Finally, since $x$ is the spectrum of an algebraically closed field, all higher cohomology on $x$ vanishes. $\square$

Proof. See discussion above. $\square$