## 97.16 Algebraic spaces

The following is our first main result on algebraic spaces.

Proposition 97.16.1. Let $S$ be a locally Noetherian scheme. Let $F : (\mathit{Sch}/S)_{fppf}^{opp} \to \textit{Sets}$ be a functor. Assume that

1. $\Delta : F \to F \times F$ is representable by algebraic spaces,

2. $F$ satisfies axioms [-1], [0], [1], [2], [3], [4], [5] (see Section 97.15), and

3. $\mathcal{O}_{S, s}$ is a G-ring for all finite type points $s$ of $S$.

Then $F$ is an algebraic space.

Proof. Lemma 97.13.8 applies to $F$. Using this we choose, for every finite type field $k$ over $S$ and $x_0 \in F(\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(k))$, an affine scheme $U_{k, x_0}$ of finite type over $S$ and a smooth morphism $U_{k, x_0} \to F$ such that there exists a finite type point $u_{k, x_0} \in U_{k, x_0}$ with residue field $k$ such that $x_0$ is the image of $u_{k, x_0}$. Then

$U = \coprod \nolimits _{k, x_0} U_{k, x_0} \longrightarrow F$

is smooth1. To finish the proof it suffices to show this map is surjective, see Bootstrap, Lemma 79.12.3 (this is where we use axiom [0]). By Criteria for Representability, Lemma 96.5.6 it suffices to show that $U \times _ F V \to V$ is surjective for those $V \to F$ where $V$ is an affine scheme locally of finite presentation over $S$. Since $U \times _ F V \to V$ is smooth the image is open. Hence it suffices to show that the image of $U \times _ F V \to V$ contains all finite type points of $V$, see Morphisms, Lemma 29.16.7. Let $v_0 \in V$ be a finite type point. Then $k = \kappa (v_0)$ is a finite type field over $S$. Denote $x_0$ the composition $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(k) \xrightarrow {v_0} V \to F$. Then $(u_{k, x_0}, v_0) : \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(k) \to U \times _ F V$ is a point mapping to $v_0$ and we win. $\square$

Lemma 97.16.2. Let $S$ be a locally Noetherian scheme. Let $a : F \to G$ be a transformation of functors $(\mathit{Sch}/S)_{fppf}^{opp} \to \textit{Sets}$. Assume that

1. $a$ is injective,

2. $F$ satisfies axioms [0], [1], [2], [4], and [5],

3. $\mathcal{O}_{S, s}$ is a G-ring for all finite type points $s$ of $S$,

4. $G$ is an algebraic space locally of finite type over $S$,

Then $F$ is an algebraic space.

Proof. By Lemma 97.8.1 the functor $G$ satisfies [3]. As $F \to G$ is injective, we conclude that $F$ also satisfies [3]. Moreover, as $F \to G$ is injective, we see that given schemes $U$, $V$ and morphisms $U \to F$ and $V \to F$, then $U \times _ F V = U \times _ G V$. Hence $\Delta : F \to F \times F$ is representable (by schemes) as this holds for $G$ by assumption. Thus Proposition 97.16.1 applies2. $\square$

[1] Set theoretical remark: This coproduct is (isomorphic) to an object of $(\mathit{Sch}/S)_{fppf}$ as we have a bound on the index set by axiom [-1], see Sets, Lemma 3.9.9.
[2] The set theoretic condition [-1] holds for $F$ as it holds for $G$. Details omitted.

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