The Stacks project

62.11 Action on cycles

Let $S$ be a locally Noetherian, universally catenary scheme endowed with a dimension function $\delta $, see Chow Homology, Section 42.7. Let $X \to Y$ be a morphism of schemes over $S$, both locally of finite type over $S$. Let $r \geq 0$. Finally, let $\alpha $ be a family of $r$-cycles on fibres of $X/Y$. For $e \in \mathbf{Z}$ we will construct an operation

\[ \alpha \cap - : Z_ e(Y) \longrightarrow Z_{r + e}(X) \]

Namely, given $\beta \in Z_ e(Y)$ write $\beta = \sum n_ i[Z_ i]$ where $Z_ i \subset Y$ is an integral closed subscheme of $\delta $-dimension $e$ and the family $Z_ i$ is locally finite in the scheme $Y$. Let $y_ i \in Z_ i$ be the generic point. Write $\alpha _{y_ i} = \sum m_{ij} [V_{ij}]$. Thus $V_{ij} \subset X_{y_ i}$ is an integral closed subscheme of dimension $r$ and the family $V_{ij}$ is locally finite in the scheme $X_{y_ i}$. Then we set

\[ \alpha \cap \beta = \sum n_ i m_{ij} [\overline{V}_{ij}] \quad \in \quad Z_{r + e}(X) \]

Here $\overline{V}_{ij} \subset X$ is the scheme theoretic image of the morphism $V_{ij} \to X_{y_ i} \to X$ or equivalently, $\overline{V}_{ij} \subset X$ is an integral closed subscheme mapping dominantly to $Z_ i \subset Y$ whose generic fibre is $V_{ij}$. It follows readily that $\dim _\delta (\overline{V}_{ij}) = r + e$ and that the family of closed subschemes $\overline{V}_{ij} \subset X$ is locally finite (we omit the verifications). Hence $\alpha \cap \beta $ is indeed an element of $Z_{r + e}(X)$.

Lemma 62.11.1. The construction above is bilinear, i.e., we have $(\alpha _1 + \alpha _2) \cap \beta = \alpha _1 \cap \beta + \alpha _2 \cap \beta $ and $\alpha \cap (\beta _1 + \beta _2) = \alpha \cap \beta _1 + \alpha \cap \beta _2$.

Proof. Omitted. $\square$

Lemma 62.11.2. If $U \subset X$ and $V \subset Y$ are open and $f(U) \subset V$, then $(\alpha \cap \beta )|_ U$ is equal to $\alpha |_ U \cap \beta |_ V$.

Proof. Immediate from the explicit description of $\alpha \cap \beta $ given above. $\square$

Lemma 62.11.3. Forming $\alpha \cap \beta $ is compatible with flat base change and flat pullback (see proof for elucidation).

Proof. Let $(S, \delta )$, $(S', \delta ')$, $g : S' \to S$, and $c \in \mathbf{Z}$ be as in Chow Homology, Situation 42.67.1. Let $X \to Y$ be a morphism of schemes locally of finite type over $S$. Denote $X' \to Y'$ the base change of $X \to Y$ by $g$. Let $\alpha $ be a family of $r$-cycles on the fibres of $X/Y$. Let $\beta \in Z_ e(Y)$. Denote $\alpha '$ the base change of $\alpha $ by $Y' \to Y$. Denote $\beta ' = g^*\beta \in Z_{e + c}(Y')$ the pullback of $\beta $ by $g$, see Chow Homology, Section 42.67. Compatibility with base change means $\alpha ' \cap \beta '$ is the base change of $\alpha \cap \beta $.

Proof of compatibility with base change. Since we are proving an equality of cycles on $X'$, we may work locally on $Y$, see Lemma 62.11.2. Thus we may assume $Y$ is affine. In particular $\beta $ is a finite linear combination of prime cycles. Since $- \cap -$ is linear in the second variable (Lemma 62.11.1), it suffices to prove the equality when $\beta = [Z]$ for some integral closed subscheme $Z \subset Y$ of $\delta $-dimension $e$.

Let $y \in Z$ be the generic point. Write $\alpha _ y = \sum m_ j [V_ j]$. Let $\overline{V}_ j$ be the closure of $V_ j$ in $X$. Then we have

\[ \alpha \cap \beta = \sum m_ j[\overline{V}_ j] \]

The base change of $\beta $ is $\beta ' = \sum [Z \times _ S S']_{e + c}$ as a cycle on $Y' = Y \times _ S S'$. Let $Z'_ a \subset Z \times _ S S'$ be the irreducible components, denote $y'_ a \in Z'_ a$ their generic points, and denote $n_ a$ the multiplicity of $Z'_ a$ in $Z \times _ S S'$. We have

\[ \beta ' = \sum [Z \times _ S S']_{e + c} = \sum n_ a[Z'_ a] \]

We have $\alpha '_{y'_ a} = \sum m_ j [V_{j, \kappa (y'_ a)}]_ r$ because $\alpha '$ is the base change of $\alpha $ by $Y' \to Y$. Let $V'_{jab} \subset V_{j, \kappa (y'_ a)}$ be the irreducible components and denote $m_{jab}$ the multiplicity of $V'_{jab}$ in $V_{j, \kappa (y'_ a)}$. We have

\[ \alpha '_{y'_ a} = \sum m_ j [V_{j, \kappa (y'_ a)}]_ r = \sum m_ j m_{jab} [V'_{jab}] \]

Thus we we have

\[ \alpha ' \cap \beta ' = \sum n_ a m_ j m_{jab} [\overline{V}'_{jab}] \]

where $\overline{V}'_{jab}$ is the closure of $V'_{jab}$ in $X'$. Thus to prove the desired equality it suffices to prove

  1. the irreducible components of $\overline{V}_ j \times _ S S'$ are the schemes $\overline{V}'_{jab}$ and

  2. the multiplicity of $\overline{V}'_{jab}$ in $\overline{V}_ j \times _ S S'$ is equal to $n_ a m_{jab}$.

Note that $V_ j \to \overline{V}_ j$ is a birational morphism of integral schemes. The morphisms $V_ j \times _ S S' \to V_ j$ and $\overline{V}_ j \times _ S S' \to \overline{V}_ j$ are flat and hence map generic points of irreducible components to the (unique) generic points of $V_ j$ and $\overline{V}_ j$. It follows that $V_ j \times _ S S' \to \overline{V}_ j \times _ S S'$ is a birational morphisms hence induces a bijection on irreducible components and identifies their multiplicities. This means that it suffices to prove that the irreducible components of $V_ j \times _ S S'$ are the schemes $V'_{jab}$ and the multiplicity of $V'_{jab}$ in $V_ j \times _ S S'$ is equal to $n_ a m_{jab}$. However, then we are just saying that the diagram

\[ \xymatrix{ Z_ r(V_ j) \ar[r] & Z_{r + c}(V_ j \times _ S S') \\ Z_0(\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(\kappa (y))) \ar[r] \ar[u] & Z_ c(\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(\kappa (y)) \times _ S S') \ar[u] } \]

is commutative where the horizontal arrows are base change by $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(\kappa (y)) \times _ S S' \to \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(\kappa (y))$ and the vertical arrows are flat pullback. This was shown in Chow Homology, Lemma 42.67.5.

The statement in the lemma on flat pullback means the following. Let $(S, \delta )$, $X \to Y$, $\alpha $, and $\beta $ be as in the construction of $\alpha \cap \beta $ above. Let $Y' \to Y$ be a flat morphism, locally of finite type, and of relative dimension $c$. Then we can let $\alpha '$ be the base change of $\alpha $ by $Y' \to Y$ and $\beta '$ the flat pullback of $\beta $. Compatibility with flat pullback means $\alpha ' \cap \beta '$ is the flat pullback of $\alpha \cap \beta $ by $X \times _ Y Y' \to Y$. This is actually a special case of the discussion above if we set $S = Y$ and $S' = Y'$. $\square$

Lemma 62.11.4. Let $(S, \delta )$ and $f : X \to Y$ be as above. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a coherent $\mathcal{O}_ X$-module with $\dim (\text{Supp}(\mathcal{F}_ y)) \leq r$ for all $y \in Y$. Let $\mathcal{G}$ be a coherent $\mathcal{O}_ Y$-module with $\dim _\delta (\text{Supp}(\mathcal{G})) \leq e$. Set $\alpha = [\mathcal{F}/X/Y]_ r$ (Example 62.5.2) and $\beta = [\mathcal{G}]_ e$ (Chow Homology, Definition 42.10.2). If $\mathcal{F}$ is flat over $Y$, then $\alpha \cap \beta = [\mathcal{F} \otimes _{\mathcal{O}_ X} f^*\mathcal{G}]_{r + e}$.

Proof. Observe that

\[ \text{Supp}(\mathcal{F} \otimes _{\mathcal{O}_ X} f^*\mathcal{G}) = \text{Supp}(\mathcal{F}) \cap f^{-1}\text{Supp}(\mathcal{G}) = \bigcup \nolimits _{y \in \text{Supp}(\mathcal{G})} \text{Supp}(\mathcal{F}_ y) \]

It follows that this is a closed subset of $\delta $-dimension $\leq r + e$. Whence the expression $[\mathcal{F} \otimes _{\mathcal{O}_ X} f^*\mathcal{G}]_{r + e}$ makes sense.

We will use the notation $\beta = \sum n_ i[Z_ i]$, $y_ i \in Z_ i$, $\alpha _{y_ i} = \sum m_{ij} [V_{ij}]$, and $\overline{V}_{ij}$ introduced in the construction of $\alpha \cap \beta $. Since $\beta = [\mathcal{G}]_ e$ we see that the $Z_ i$ are the irreducible components of $\text{Supp}(\mathcal{G})$ which have $\delta $-dimension $e$. Similarly, the $V_{ij}$ are the irreducible components of $\text{Supp}(\mathcal{F}_{y_ i})$ having dimension $r$. It follows from this and the equation in the first paragraph that $\overline{V}_{ij}$ are the irreducible components of $\text{Supp}(\mathcal{F} \otimes _{\mathcal{O}_ X} f^*\mathcal{G})$ having $\delta $-dimension $r + e$. Thus to prove the lemma it now suffices to show that

\[ \text{length}_{\mathcal{O}_{X, \xi _{ij}}}( (\mathcal{F} \otimes _{\mathcal{O}_ X} f^*\mathcal{G})_{\xi _{ij}}) = \text{length}_{\mathcal{O}_{X_{y_ i}, \xi _{ij}}}((\mathcal{F}_{y_ i})_{\xi _{ij}}) \cdot \text{length}_{\mathcal{O}_{Y, y_ i}}(\mathcal{G}_{y_ i}) \]

By the first paragraph of the proof the left hand side is equal to the length of the $B = \mathcal{O}_{X, \xi _{ij}}$-module

\[ \mathcal{G}_{y_ i} \otimes _{\mathcal{O}_{Y, y_ i}} \mathcal{F}_{\xi _{ij}} = M \otimes _ A N \]

Here $M = \mathcal{G}_{y_ i}$ is a finite length $A = \mathcal{O}_{Y, y_ i}$-module and $N = \mathcal{F}_{\xi _{ij}}$ is a finite $B$-module such that $N/\mathfrak m_ AN$ has finite length. Since $\mathcal{F}$ is flat over $Y$ the module $N$ is $A$-flat. The right hand side of the formula is equal to

\[ \text{length}_ B(N/\mathfrak m_ A N) \cdot \text{length}_ A(M) \]

Thus the right and left hand side of the formula are additive in $M$ (use flatness of $N$ over $A$). Thus it suffices to prove the formula with $M = \kappa _ A$ is the residue field in which case it is immediate. $\square$

Lemma 62.11.5. Let $(S, \delta )$ and $f : X \to Y$ be as above. Let $Z \subset X$ be a closed subscheme of relative dimension $\leq r$ over $Y$. Set $\alpha = [Z/X/Y]_ r$ (Example 62.5.4). Let $W \subset Y$ be a closed subscheme of $\delta $-dimension $\leq e$. Set $\beta = [W]_ e$ (Chow Homology, Definition 42.9.2). If $Z$ is flat over $Y$, then $\alpha \cap \beta = [Z \times _ Y W]_{r + e}$.

Proof. This is a special case of Lemma 62.11.4 if we take $\mathcal{F} = \mathcal{O}_ Z$ and $\mathcal{F} = \mathcal{O}_ W$. $\square$

Lemma 62.11.6. Let $(S, \delta )$ be as above. Let

\[ \xymatrix{ X' \ar[r]_ f \ar[d] & X \ar[d] \\ Y' \ar[r]^ g & Y } \]

be a cartesian diagram of schemes locally of finite type over $S$ with $g$ proper. Let $r, e \geq 0$. Let $\alpha $ be a family of $r$-cycles on the fibres of $X/Y$. Let $\beta ' \in Z_ e(Y')$. Then we have $f_*(g^*\alpha \cap \beta ') = \alpha \cap g_*\beta '$.

Proof. Since we are proving an equality of cycles on $X$, we may work locally on $Y$, see Lemma 62.11.2. Thus we may assume $Y$ is affine. Thus $Y'$ is quasi-compact. In particular $\beta '$ is a finite linear combination of prime cycles. Since $- \cap -$ is linear in the second variable (Lemma 62.11.1), it suffices to prove the equality when $\beta ' = [Z']$ for some integral closed subscheme $Z' \subset Y'$ of $\delta $-dimension $e$. Set $Z = g(Z')$. This is an integral closed subscheme of $Y$ of $\delta $-dimension $\leq e$. For simplicity we are going to assume $Z$ has $\delta $-dimension equal to $e$ and leave the other case (which is easier) to the reader. Let $y \in Z$ and $y' \in Z'$ be the generic points. Write $\alpha _ y = \sum m_ j[V_ j]$ with $V_ j \subset X_ y$ integral closed subschemes of dimension $r$.

Assume first $g$ is a closed immersion. Then $g_*\beta ' = [Z]$ and $(g^*\alpha )_{y'} = \sum n_ j[V_ j]$; this makes sense because $V_ j$ is contained in the closed subscheme $X'_{y'}$ of $X_ y$. Thus in this case the equality is obvious: in both cases we obtain $\sum m_ j[\overline{V}_ j]$ where $\overline{V}_ j$ is the closure of $V_ j$ in the closed subscheme $X' \subset X$.

Back to the general case with $\beta ' = [Z']$ as above. Set $W = Z \times _ X Y$ and $W' = Z' \times _{X'} Y'$. Consider the cartesian squares

\[ \xymatrix{ W \ar[r] \ar[d] & X \ar[d] \\ Z \ar[r] & Y } \quad \xymatrix{ W' \ar[r] \ar[d] & X' \ar[d] \\ Z' \ar[r] & Y' } \quad \xymatrix{ W' \ar[r] \ar[d] & W \ar[d] \\ Z' \ar[r] & Z } \]

Since we know the result for the first two squares with by the previous paragraph, a formal argument shows that it suffices to prove the result for the last square and the element $\beta ' = [Z'] \in Z_ e(Z')$. This reduces us to the case discussed in the next paragraph.

Assume $Y' \to Y$ is a generically finite morphism of integral schemes of $\delta $-dimension $e$ and $\beta ' = [Y']$. In this case both $f_*(g^*\alpha \cap \beta ')$ and $\alpha \cap g_*\beta '$ are cycles which can be written as a sum of prime cycles dominant over $Y$. Thus we may replace $Y$ by a nonempty open subscheme in order to check the equality. After such a replacement we may assume $g$ is finite and flat, say of degree $d \geq 1$. Of course, this means that $g_*\beta ' = g_*[Y'] = d[Y]$. Also $\beta ' = [Y'] = g^*[Y]$. Hence

\[ f_*(g^*\alpha \cap \beta ') = f_*(g^*\alpha \cap g^*[Y]) = f_*f^*(\alpha \cap [Y]) = d (\alpha \cap [Y]) = \alpha \cap g_*\beta ') \]

as desired. The second equality is Lemma 62.11.3 and the third equality is Chow Homology, Lemma 42.15.2. $\square$


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