Lemma 38.27.1. In Situation 38.20.7. For each p \geq 0 the functor H_ p (38.20.7.2) is representable by a locally closed immersion S_ p \to S. If \mathcal{F} is of finite presentation, then S_ p \to S is of finite presentation.
Proof. For each S we will prove the statement for all p \geq 0 concurrently. The functor H_ p is a sheaf for the fppf topology by Lemma 38.20.8. Hence combining Descent, Lemma 35.39.1, More on Morphisms, Lemma 37.57.1 , and Descent, Lemma 35.24.1 we see that the question is local for the étale topology on S. In particular, the question is Zariski local on S.
For s \in S denote \xi _ s the unique generic point of the fibre X_ s. Note that for every s \in S the restriction \mathcal{F}_ s of \mathcal{F} is locally free of some rank p(s) \geq 0 in some neighbourhood of \xi _ s. (As X_ s is irreducible and smooth this follows from generic flatness for \mathcal{F}_ s over X_ s, see Algebra, Lemma 10.118.1 although this is overkill.) For future reference we note that
In particular H_{p(s)}(s) is nonempty and H_ q(s) is empty if q \not= p(s).
Let U \subset X be an open subscheme. As f : X \to S is smooth, it is open. It is immediate from (38.20.7.2) that the functor H_ p for the pair (f|_ U : U \to f(U), \mathcal{F}|_ U) and the functor H_ p for the pair (f|_{f^{-1}(f(U))}, \mathcal{F}|_{f^{-1}(f(U))}) are the same. Hence to prove the existence of S_ p over f(U) we may always replace X by U.
Pick s \in S. There exists an affine open neighbourhood U of \xi _ s such that \mathcal{F}|_ U can be generated by at most p(s) elements. By the arguments above we see that in order to prove the statement for H_{p(s)} in an neighbourhood of s we may assume that \mathcal{F} is generated by p(s) elements, i.e., that there exists a surjection
In this case it is clear that H_{p(s)} is equal to F_{iso} (38.20.1.1) for the map u (this follows immediately from Lemma 38.19.1 but also from Lemma 38.12.1 after shrinking a bit more so that both S and X are affine.) Thus we may apply Theorem 38.23.3 to see that H_{p(s)} is representable by a closed immersion in a neighbourhood of s.
The result follows formally from the above. Namely, the arguments above show that locally on S the function s \mapsto p(s) is bounded. Hence we may use induction on p = \max _{s \in S} p(s). The functor H_ p is representable by a closed immersion S_ p \to S by the above. Replace S by S \setminus S_ p which drops the maximum by at least one and we win by induction hypothesis.
Assume \mathcal{F} is of finite presentation. Then S_ p \to S is locally of finite presentation by Lemma 38.20.8 part (2) combined with Limits, Remark 32.6.2. Then we redo the induction argument in the paragraph to see that each S_ p is quasi-compact when S is affine: first if p = \max _{s \in S} p(s), then S_ p \subset S is closed (see above) hence quasi-compact. Then U = S \setminus S_ p is quasi-compact open in S because S_ p \to S is a closed immersion of finite presentation (see discussion in Morphisms, Section 29.22 for example). Then S_{p - 1} \to U is a closed immersion of finite presentation, and so S_{p - 1} is quasi-compact and U' = S \setminus (S_ p \cup S_{p - 1}) is quasi-compact. And so on. \square
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