The following lemma can be used to prove projectivity by Noetherian induction on the base, see Lemma 38.9.2.
Lemma 38.9.1. Let $R$ be a ring. Let $I \subset R$ be an ideal. Let $R \to S$ be a ring map, and $N$ an $S$-module. Assume
$R$ is Noetherian and $I$-adically complete,
$R \to S$ is of finite type,
$N$ is a finite $S$-module,
$N$ is flat over $R$,
$N/IN$ is projective as a $R/I$-module, and
for any prime $\mathfrak q \subset S$ which is an associated prime of $N \otimes _ R \kappa (\mathfrak p)$ where $\mathfrak p = R \cap \mathfrak q$ we have $IS + \mathfrak q \not= S$.
Then $N$ is projective as an $R$-module.
Proof. By Lemma 38.8.4 the map $N \to N^\wedge $ is universally injective. By Lemma 38.8.2 the module $N^\wedge $ is Mittag-Leffler. By Algebra, Lemma 10.89.7 we conclude that $N$ is Mittag-Leffler. Hence $N$ is countably generated, flat and Mittag-Leffler as an $R$-module, whence projective by Algebra, Lemma 10.93.1. $\square$
Lemma 38.9.2. Let $R$ be a ring. Let $R \to S$ be a ring map. Assume
$R$ is Noetherian,
$R \to S$ is of finite type and flat, and
every fibre ring $S \otimes _ R \kappa (\mathfrak p)$ is geometrically integral over $\kappa (\mathfrak p)$.
Then $S$ is projective as an $R$-module.
Proof. Consider the set
We have to show this set is empty. To get a contradiction assume it is nonempty. Then it contains a maximal element $I$. Let $J = \sqrt{I}$ be its radical. If $I \not= J$, then $S/JS$ is projective as a $R/J$-module, and $S/IS$ is flat over $R/I$ and $J/I$ is a nilpotent ideal in $R/I$. Applying Algebra, Lemma 10.77.7 we see that $S/IS$ is a projective $R/I$-module, which is a contradiction. Hence we may assume that $I$ is a radical ideal. In other words we are reduced to proving the lemma in case $R$ is a reduced ring and $S/IS$ is a projective $R/I$-module for every nonzero ideal $I$ of $R$.
Assume $R$ is a reduced ring and $S/IS$ is a projective $R/I$-module for every nonzero ideal $I$ of $R$. By generic flatness, Algebra, Lemma 10.118.1 (applied to a localization $R_ g$ which is a domain) or the more general Algebra, Lemma 10.118.7 there exists a nonzero $f \in R$ such that $S_ f$ is free as an $R_ f$-module. Denote $R^\wedge = \mathop{\mathrm{lim}}\nolimits R/(f^ n)$ the $(f)$-adic completion of $R$. Note that the ring map
is a faithfully flat ring map, see Algebra, Lemma 10.97.2. Hence by faithfully flat descent of projectivity, see Algebra, Theorem 10.95.6 it suffices to prove that $S \otimes _ R R^\wedge $ is a projective $R^\wedge $-module. To see this we will use the criterion of Lemma 38.9.1. First of all, note that $S/fS = (S \otimes _ R R^\wedge )/f(S \otimes _ R R^\wedge )$ is a projective $R/(f)$-module and that $S \otimes _ R R^\wedge $ is flat and of finite type over $R^\wedge $ as a base change of such. Next, suppose that $\mathfrak p^\wedge $ is a prime ideal of $R^\wedge $. Let $\mathfrak p \subset R$ be the corresponding prime of $R$. As $R \to S$ has geometrically integral fibre rings, the same is true for the fibre rings of any base change. Hence $\mathfrak q^\wedge = \mathfrak p^\wedge (S \otimes _ R R^\wedge )$, is a prime ideals lying over $\mathfrak p^\wedge $ and it is the unique associated prime of $S \otimes _ R \kappa (\mathfrak p^\wedge )$. Thus we win if $f(S \otimes _ R R^\wedge ) + \mathfrak q^\wedge \not= S \otimes _ R R^\wedge $. This is true because $\mathfrak p^\wedge + fR^\wedge \not= R^\wedge $ as $f$ lies in the Jacobson radical of the $f$-adically complete ring $R^\wedge $ and because $R^\wedge \to S \otimes _ R R^\wedge $ is surjective on spectra as its fibres are nonempty (irreducible spaces are nonempty). $\square$
Lemma 38.9.3. Let $R$ be a ring. Let $R \to S$ be a ring map. Assume
$R \to S$ is of finite presentation and flat, and
every fibre ring $S \otimes _ R \kappa (\mathfrak p)$ is geometrically integral over $\kappa (\mathfrak p)$.
Then $S$ is projective as an $R$-module.
Proof. We can find a cocartesian diagram of rings
such that $R_0$ is of finite type over $\mathbf{Z}$, the map $R_0 \to S_0$ is of finite type and flat with geometrically integral fibres, see More on Morphisms, Lemmas 37.34.4, 37.34.6, 37.34.7, and 37.34.11. By Lemma 38.9.2 we see that $S_0$ is a projective $R_0$-module. Hence $S = S_0 \otimes _{R_0} R$ is a projective $R$-module, see Algebra, Lemma 10.94.1. $\square$
Remark 38.9.4. Lemma 38.9.3 is a key step in the development of results in this chapter. The analogue of this lemma in [GruRay] is [I Proposition 3.3.1, GruRay]: If $R \to S$ is smooth with geometrically integral fibres, then $S$ is projective as an $R$-module. This is a special case of Lemma 38.9.3, but as we will later improve on this lemma anyway, we do not gain much from having a stronger result at this point. We briefly sketch the proof of this as it is given in [GruRay].
First reduce to the case where $R$ is Noetherian as above.
Since projectivity descends through faithfully flat ring maps, see Algebra, Theorem 10.95.6 we may work locally in the fppf topology on $R$, hence we may assume that $R \to S$ has a section $\sigma : S \to R$. (Just by the usual trick of base changing to $S$.) Set $I = \mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(S \to R)$.
Localizing a bit more on $R$ we may assume that $I/I^2$ is a free $R$-module and that the completion $S^\wedge $ of $S$ with respect to $I$ is isomorphic to $R[[t_1, \ldots , t_ n]]$, see Morphisms, Lemma 29.34.20. Here we are using that $R \to S$ is smooth.
To prove that $S$ is projective as an $R$-module, it suffices to prove that $S$ is flat, countably generated and Mittag-Leffler as an $R$-module, see Algebra, Lemma 10.93.1. The first two properties are evident. Thus it suffices to prove that $S$ is Mittag-Leffler as an $R$-module. By Algebra, Lemma 10.91.4 the module $R[[t_1, \ldots , t_ n]]$ is Mittag-Leffler over $R$. Hence Algebra, Lemma 10.89.7 shows that it suffices to show that the $S \to S^\wedge $ is universally injective as a map of $R$-modules.
Apply Lemma 38.7.4 to see that $S \to S^\wedge $ is $R$-universally injective. Namely, as $R \to S$ has geometrically integral fibres, any associated point of any fibre ring is just the generic point of the fibre ring which is in the image of $\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(S^\wedge ) \to \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(S)$.
There is an analogy between the proof as sketched just now, and the development of the arguments leading to the proof of Lemma 38.9.3. In both a completion plays an essential role, and both times the assumption of having geometrically integral fibres assures one that the map from $S$ to the completion of $S$ is $R$-universally injective.
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