In this section we discuss a topic closely related to direct images of quasi-coherent sheaves. Most of this material was taken from the paper [Jaffe].

Definition 46.3.1. Let $A$ be a ring. A module-valued functor is a functor $F : \textit{Alg}_ A \to \textit{Ab}$ such that

1. for every object $B$ of $\textit{Alg}_ A$ the group $F(B)$ is endowed with the structure of a $B$-module, and

2. for any morphism $B \to B'$ of $\textit{Alg}_ A$ the map $F(B) \to F(B')$ is $B$-linear.

A morphism of module-valued functors is a transformation of functors $\varphi : F \to G$ such that $F(B) \to G(B)$ is $B$-linear for all $B \in \mathop{\mathrm{Ob}}\nolimits (\textit{Alg}_ A)$.

Let $S = \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(A)$ be an affine scheme. The category of module-valued functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$ is equivalent to the category $\textit{PMod}((\textit{Aff}/S)_\tau , \mathcal{O})$ of presheaves of $\mathcal{O}$-modules. The equivalence is given by the rule which assigns to the module-valued functor $F$ the presheaf $\mathcal{F}$ defined by the rule $\mathcal{F}(U) = F(\mathcal{O}(U))$. This is clear from the equivalence $(\textit{Aff}/S)_\tau \to \textit{Alg}_ A$, $U \mapsto \mathcal{O}(U)$ given in Section 46.2. The quasi-inverse sets $F(B) = \mathcal{F}(\mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(B))$.

An important special case of a module-valued functor comes about as follows. Let $M$ be an $A$-module. Then we will denote $\underline{M}$ the module-valued functor $B \mapsto M \otimes _ A B$ (with obvious $B$-module structure). Note that if $M \to N$ is a map of $A$-modules then there is an associated morphism $\underline{M} \to \underline{N}$ of module-valued functors. Conversely, any morphism of module-valued functors $\underline{M} \to \underline{N}$ comes from an $A$-module map $M \to N$ as the reader can see by evaluating on $B = A$. In other words $\text{Mod}_ A$ is a full subcategory of the category of module-valued functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$.

Given and $A$-module map $\varphi : M \to N$ then $\mathop{\mathrm{Coker}}(\underline{M} \to \underline{N}) = \underline{Q}$ where $Q = \mathop{\mathrm{Coker}}(M \to N)$ because $\otimes$ is right exact. But this isn't the case for the kernel in general: for example an injective map of $A$-modules need not be injective after base change. Thus the following definition makes sense.

Definition 46.3.2. Let $A$ be a ring. A module-valued functor $F$ on $\textit{Alg}_ A$ is called

1. adequate if there exists a map of $A$-modules $M \to N$ such that $F$ is isomorphic to $\mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(\underline{M} \to \underline{N})$.

2. linearly adequate if $F$ is isomorphic to the kernel of a map $\underline{A^{\oplus n}} \to \underline{A^{\oplus m}}$.

Note that $F$ is adequate if and only if there exists an exact sequence $0 \to F \to \underline{M} \to \underline{N}$ and $F$ is linearly adequate if and only if there exists an exact sequence $0 \to F \to \underline{A^{\oplus n}} \to \underline{A^{\oplus m}}$.

Let $A$ be a ring. In this section we will show the category of adequate functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$ is abelian (Lemmas 46.3.10 and 46.3.11) and has a set of generators (Lemma 46.3.6). We will also see that it is a weak Serre subcategory of the category of all module-valued functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$ (Lemma 46.3.16) and that it has arbitrary colimits (Lemma 46.3.12).

Lemma 46.3.3. Let $A$ be a ring. Let $F$ be an adequate functor on $\textit{Alg}_ A$. If $B = \mathop{\mathrm{colim}}\nolimits B_ i$ is a filtered colimit of $A$-algebras, then $F(B) = \mathop{\mathrm{colim}}\nolimits F(B_ i)$.

Proof. This holds because for any $A$-module $M$ we have $M \otimes _ A B = \mathop{\mathrm{colim}}\nolimits M \otimes _ A B_ i$ (see Algebra, Lemma 10.12.9) and because filtered colimits commute with exact sequences, see Algebra, Lemma 10.8.8. $\square$

Remark 46.3.4. Consider the category $\textit{Alg}_{fp, A}$ whose objects are $A$-algebras $B$ of the form $B = A[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]/(f_1, \ldots , f_ m)$ and whose morphisms are $A$-algebra maps. Every $A$-algebra $B$ is a filtered colimit of finitely presented $A$-algebra, i.e., a filtered colimit of objects of $\textit{Alg}_{fp, A}$. By Lemma 46.3.3 we conclude every adequate functor $F$ is determined by its restriction to $\textit{Alg}_{fp, A}$. For some questions we can therefore restrict to functors on $\textit{Alg}_{fp, A}$. For example, the category of adequate functors does not depend on the choice of the big $\tau$-site chosen in Section 46.2.

Lemma 46.3.5. Let $A$ be a ring. Let $F$ be an adequate functor on $\textit{Alg}_ A$. If $B \to B'$ is flat, then $F(B) \otimes _ B B' \to F(B')$ is an isomorphism.

Proof. Choose an exact sequence $0 \to F \to \underline{M} \to \underline{N}$. This gives the diagram

$\xymatrix{ 0 \ar[r] & F(B) \otimes _ B B' \ar[r] \ar[d] & (M \otimes _ A B)\otimes _ B B' \ar[r] \ar[d] & (N \otimes _ A B)\otimes _ B B' \ar[d] \\ 0 \ar[r] & F(B') \ar[r] & M \otimes _ A B' \ar[r] & N \otimes _ A B' }$

where the rows are exact (the top one because $B \to B'$ is flat). Since the right two vertical arrows are isomorphisms, so is the left one. $\square$

Lemma 46.3.6. Let $A$ be a ring. Let $F$ be an adequate functor on $\textit{Alg}_ A$. Then there exists a surjection $L \to F$ with $L$ a direct sum of linearly adequate functors.

Proof. Choose an exact sequence $0 \to F \to \underline{M} \to \underline{N}$ where $\underline{M} \to \underline{N}$ is given by $\varphi : M \to N$. By Lemma 46.3.3 it suffices to construct $L \to F$ such that $L(B) \to F(B)$ is surjective for every finitely presented $A$-algebra $B$. Hence it suffices to construct, given a finitely presented $A$-algebra $B$ and an element $\xi \in F(B)$ a map $L \to F$ with $L$ linearly adequate such that $\xi$ is in the image of $L(B) \to F(B)$. (Because there is a set worth of such pairs $(B, \xi )$ up to isomorphism.)

To do this write $\sum _{i = 1, \ldots , n} m_ i \otimes b_ i$ the image of $\xi$ in $\underline{M}(B) = M \otimes _ A B$. We know that $\sum \varphi (m_ i) \otimes b_ i = 0$ in $N \otimes _ A B$. As $N$ is a filtered colimit of finitely presented $A$-modules, we can find a finitely presented $A$-module $N'$, a commutative diagram of $A$-modules

$\xymatrix{ A^{\oplus n} \ar[r] \ar[d]_{m_1, \ldots , m_ n} & N' \ar[d] \\ M \ar[r] & N }$

such that $(b_1, \ldots , b_ n)$ maps to zero in $N' \otimes _ A B$. Choose a presentation $A^{\oplus l} \to A^{\oplus k} \to N' \to 0$. Choose a lift $A^{\oplus n} \to A^{\oplus k}$ of the map $A^{\oplus n} \to N'$ of the diagram. Then we see that there exist $(c_1, \ldots , c_ l) \in B^{\oplus l}$ such that $(b_1, \ldots , b_ n, c_1, \ldots , c_ l)$ maps to zero in $B^{\oplus k}$ under the map $B^{\oplus n} \oplus B^{\oplus l} \to B^{\oplus k}$. Consider the commutative diagram

$\xymatrix{ A^{\oplus n} \oplus A^{\oplus l} \ar[r] \ar[d] & A^{\oplus k} \ar[d] \\ M \ar[r] & N }$

where the left vertical arrow is zero on the summand $A^{\oplus l}$. Then we see that $L$ equal to the kernel of $\underline{A^{\oplus n + l}} \to \underline{A^{\oplus k}}$ works because the element $(b_1, \ldots , b_ n, c_1, \ldots , c_ l) \in L(B)$ maps to $\xi$. $\square$

Consider a graded $A$-algebra $B = \bigoplus _{d \geq 0} B_ d$. Then there are two $A$-algebra maps $p, a : B \to B[t, t^{-1}]$, namely $p : b \mapsto b$ and $a : b \mapsto t^{\deg (b)} b$ where $b$ is homogeneous. If $F$ is a module-valued functor on $\textit{Alg}_ A$, then we define

46.3.6.1
$$\label{adequate-equation-weight-k} F(B)^{(k)} = \{ \xi \in F(B) \mid t^ k F(p)(\xi ) = F(a)(\xi )\} .$$

For functors which behave well with respect to flat ring extensions this gives a direct sum decomposition. This amounts to the fact that representations of $\mathbf{G}_ m$ are completely reducible.

Lemma 46.3.7. Let $A$ be a ring. Let $F$ be a module-valued functor on $\textit{Alg}_ A$. Assume that for $B \to B'$ flat the map $F(B) \otimes _ B B' \to F(B')$ is an isomorphism. Let $B$ be a graded $A$-algebra. Then

1. $F(B) = \bigoplus _{k \in \mathbf{Z}} F(B)^{(k)}$, and

2. the map $B \to B_0 \to B$ induces map $F(B) \to F(B)$ whose image is contained in $F(B)^{(0)}$.

Proof. Let $x \in F(B)$. The map $p : B \to B[t, t^{-1}]$ is free hence we know that

$F(B[t, t^{-1}]) = \bigoplus \nolimits _{k \in \mathbf{Z}} F(p)(F(B)) \cdot t^ k = \bigoplus \nolimits _{k \in \mathbf{Z}} F(B) \cdot t^ k$

as indicated we drop the $F(p)$ in the rest of the proof. Write $F(a)(x) = \sum t^ k x_ k$ for some $x_ k \in F(B)$. Denote $\epsilon : B[t, t^{-1}] \to B$ the $B$-algebra map $t \mapsto 1$. Note that the compositions $\epsilon \circ p, \epsilon \circ a : B \to B[t, t^{-1}] \to B$ are the identity. Hence we see that

$x = F(\epsilon )(F(a)(x)) = F(\epsilon )(\sum t^ k x_ k) = \sum x_ k.$

On the other hand, we claim that $x_ k \in F(B)^{(k)}$. Namely, consider the commutative diagram

$\xymatrix{ B \ar[r]_ a \ar[d]_{a'} & B[t, t^{-1}] \ar[d]^ f \\ B[s, s^{-1}] \ar[r]^-g & B[t, s, t^{-1}, s^{-1}] }$

where $a'(b) = s^{\deg (b)}b$, $f(b) = b$, $f(t) = st$ and $g(b) = t^{\deg (b)}b$ and $g(s) = s$. Then

$F(g)(F(a'))(x) = F(g)(\sum s^ k x_ k) = \sum s^ k F(a)(x_ k)$

and going the other way we see

$F(f)(F(a))(x) = F(f)(\sum t^ k x_ k) = \sum (st)^ k x_ k.$

Since $B \to B[s, t, s^{-1}, t^{-1}]$ is free we see that $F(B[t, s, t^{-1}, s^{-1}]) = \bigoplus _{k, l \in \mathbf{Z}} F(B) \cdot t^ ks^ l$ and comparing coefficients in the expressions above we find $F(a)(x_ k) = t^ k x_ k$ as desired.

Finally, the image of $F(B_0) \to F(B)$ is contained in $F(B)^{(0)}$ because $B_0 \to B \xrightarrow {a} B[t, t^{-1}]$ is equal to $B_0 \to B \xrightarrow {p} B[t, t^{-1}]$. $\square$

As a particular case of Lemma 46.3.7 note that

$\underline{M}(B)^{(k)} = M \otimes _ A B_ k$

where $B_ k$ is the degree $k$ part of the graded $A$-algebra $B$.

Lemma 46.3.8. Let $A$ be a ring. Given a solid diagram

$\xymatrix{ 0 \ar[r] & L \ar[d]_\varphi \ar[r] & \underline{A^{\oplus n}} \ar[r] \ar@{..>}[ld] & \underline{A^{\oplus m}} \\ & \underline{M} }$

of module-valued functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$ with exact row there exists a dotted arrow making the diagram commute.

Proof. Suppose that the map $A^{\oplus n} \to A^{\oplus m}$ is given by the $m \times n$-matrix $(a_{ij})$. Consider the ring $B = A[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]/(\sum a_{ij}x_ j)$. The element $(x_1, \ldots , x_ n) \in \underline{A^{\oplus n}}(B)$ maps to zero in $\underline{A^{\oplus m}}(B)$ hence is the image of a unique element $\xi \in L(B)$. Note that $\xi$ has the following universal property: for any $A$-algebra $C$ and any $\xi ' \in L(C)$ there exists an $A$-algebra map $B \to C$ such that $\xi$ maps to $\xi '$ via the map $L(B) \to L(C)$.

Note that $B$ is a graded $A$-algebra, hence we can use Lemmas 46.3.7 and 46.3.5 to decompose the values of our functors on $B$ into graded pieces. Note that $\xi \in L(B)^{(1)}$ as $(x_1, \ldots , x_ n)$ is an element of degree one in $\underline{A^{\oplus n}}(B)$. Hence we see that $\varphi (\xi ) \in \underline{M}(B)^{(1)} = M \otimes _ A B_1$. Since $B_1$ is generated by $x_1, \ldots , x_ n$ as an $A$-module we can write $\varphi (\xi ) = \sum m_ i \otimes x_ i$. Consider the map $A^{\oplus n} \to M$ which maps the $i$th basis vector to $m_ i$. By construction the associated map $\underline{A^{\oplus n}} \to \underline{M}$ maps the element $\xi$ to $\varphi (\xi )$. It follows from the universal property mentioned above that the diagram commutes. $\square$

Lemma 46.3.9. Let $A$ be a ring. Let $\varphi : F \to \underline{M}$ be a map of module-valued functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$ with $F$ adequate. Then $\mathop{\mathrm{Coker}}(\varphi )$ is adequate.

Proof. By Lemma 46.3.6 we may assume that $F = \bigoplus L_ i$ is a direct sum of linearly adequate functors. Choose exact sequences $0 \to L_ i \to \underline{A^{\oplus n_ i}} \to \underline{A^{\oplus m_ i}}$. For each $i$ choose a map $A^{\oplus n_ i} \to M$ as in Lemma 46.3.8. Consider the diagram

$\xymatrix{ 0 \ar[r] & \bigoplus L_ i \ar[r] \ar[d] & \bigoplus \underline{A^{\oplus n_ i}} \ar[r] \ar[ld] & \bigoplus \underline{A^{\oplus m_ i}} \\ & \underline{M} }$

Consider the $A$-modules

$Q = \mathop{\mathrm{Coker}}(\bigoplus A^{\oplus n_ i} \to M \oplus \bigoplus A^{\oplus m_ i}) \quad \text{and}\quad P = \mathop{\mathrm{Coker}}(\bigoplus A^{\oplus n_ i} \to \bigoplus A^{\oplus m_ i}).$

Then we see that $\mathop{\mathrm{Coker}}(\varphi )$ is isomorphic to the kernel of $\underline{Q} \to \underline{P}$. $\square$

Lemma 46.3.10. Let $A$ be a ring. Let $\varphi : F \to G$ be a map of adequate functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$. Then $\mathop{\mathrm{Coker}}(\varphi )$ is adequate.

Proof. Choose an injection $G \to \underline{M}$. Then we have an injection $G/F \to \underline{M}/F$. By Lemma 46.3.9 we see that $\underline{M}/F$ is adequate, hence we can find an injection $\underline{M}/F \to \underline{N}$. Composing we obtain an injection $G/F \to \underline{N}$. By Lemma 46.3.9 the cokernel of the induced map $G \to \underline{N}$ is adequate hence we can find an injection $\underline{N}/G \to \underline{K}$. Then $0 \to G/F \to \underline{N} \to \underline{K}$ is exact and we win. $\square$

Lemma 46.3.11. Let $A$ be a ring. Let $\varphi : F \to G$ be a map of adequate functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$. Then $\mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(\varphi )$ is adequate.

Proof. Choose an injection $F \to \underline{M}$ and an injection $G \to \underline{N}$. Denote $F \to \underline{M \oplus N}$ the diagonal map so that

$\xymatrix{ F \ar[d] \ar[r] & G \ar[d] \\ \underline{M \oplus N} \ar[r] & \underline{N} }$

commutes. By Lemma 46.3.10 we can find a module map $M \oplus N \to K$ such that $F$ is the kernel of $\underline{M \oplus N} \to \underline{K}$. Then $\mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(\varphi )$ is the kernel of $\underline{M \oplus N} \to \underline{K \oplus N}$. $\square$

Lemma 46.3.12. Let $A$ be a ring. An arbitrary direct sum of adequate functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$ is adequate. A colimit of adequate functors is adequate.

Proof. The statement on direct sums is immediate. A general colimit can be written as a kernel of a map between direct sums, see Categories, Lemma 4.14.12. Hence this follows from Lemma 46.3.11. $\square$

Lemma 46.3.13. Let $A$ be a ring. Let $F, G$ be module-valued functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$. Let $\varphi : F \to G$ be a transformation of functors. Assume

1. $\varphi$ is additive,

2. for every $A$-algebra $B$ and $\xi \in F(B)$ and unit $u \in B^*$ we have $\varphi (u\xi ) = u\varphi (\xi )$ in $G(B)$, and

3. for any flat ring map $B \to B'$ we have $G(B) \otimes _ B B' = G(B')$.

Then $\varphi$ is a morphism of module-valued functors.

Proof. Let $B$ be an $A$-algebra, $\xi \in F(B)$, and $b \in B$. We have to show that $\varphi (b \xi ) = b \varphi (\xi )$. Consider the ring map

$B \to B' = B[x, y, x^{-1}, y^{-1}]/(x + y - b).$

This ring map is faithfully flat, hence $G(B) \subset G(B')$. On the other hand

$\varphi (b\xi ) = \varphi ((x + y)\xi ) = \varphi (x\xi ) + \varphi (y\xi ) = x\varphi (\xi ) + y\varphi (\xi ) = (x + y)\varphi (\xi ) = b\varphi (\xi )$

because $x, y$ are units in $B'$. Hence we win. $\square$

Lemma 46.3.14. Let $A$ be a ring. Let $0 \to \underline{M} \to G \to L \to 0$ be a short exact sequence of module-valued functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$ with $L$ linearly adequate. Then $G$ is adequate.

Proof. We first point out that for any flat $A$-algebra map $B \to B'$ the map $G(B) \otimes _ B B' \to G(B')$ is an isomorphism. Namely, this holds for $\underline{M}$ and $L$, see Lemma 46.3.5 and hence follows for $G$ by the five lemma. In particular, by Lemma 46.3.7 we see that $G(B) = \bigoplus _{k \in \mathbf{Z}} G(B)^{(k)}$ for any graded $A$-algebra $B$.

Choose an exact sequence $0 \to L \to \underline{A^{\oplus n}} \to \underline{A^{\oplus m}}$. Suppose that the map $A^{\oplus n} \to A^{\oplus m}$ is given by the $m \times n$-matrix $(a_{ij})$. Consider the graded $A$-algebra $B = A[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]/(\sum a_{ij}x_ j)$. The element $(x_1, \ldots , x_ n) \in \underline{A^{\oplus n}}(B)$ maps to zero in $\underline{A^{\oplus m}}(B)$ hence is the image of a unique element $\xi \in L(B)$. Observe that $\xi \in L(B)^{(1)}$. The map

$\mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}\nolimits _ A(B, C) \longrightarrow L(C), \quad f \longmapsto L(f)(\xi )$

defines an isomorphism of functors. The reason is that $f$ is determined by the images $c_ i = f(x_ i) \in C$ which have to satisfy the relations $\sum a_{ij}c_ j = 0$. And $L(C)$ is the set of $n$-tuples $(c_1, \ldots , c_ n)$ satisfying the relations $\sum a_{ij} c_ j = 0$.

Since the value of each of the functors $\underline{M}$, $G$, $L$ on $B$ is a direct sum of its weight spaces (by the lemma mentioned above) exactness of $0 \to \underline{M} \to G \to L \to 0$ implies the sequence $0 \to \underline{M}(B)^{(1)} \to G(B)^{(1)} \to L(B)^{(1)} \to 0$ is exact. Thus we may choose an element $\theta \in G(B)^{(1)}$ mapping to $\xi$.

Consider the graded $A$-algebra

$C = A[x_1, \ldots , x_ n, y_1, \ldots , y_ n]/ (\sum a_{ij}x_ j, \sum a_{ij}y_ j)$

There are three graded $A$-algebra homomorphisms $p_1, p_2, m : B \to C$ defined by the rules

$p_1(x_ i) = x_ i, \quad p_1(x_ i) = y_ i, \quad m(x_ i) = x_ i + y_ i.$

We will show that the element

$\tau = G(m)(\theta ) - G(p_1)(\theta ) - G(p_2)(\theta ) \in G(C)$

is zero. First, $\tau$ maps to zero in $L(C)$ by a direct calculation. Hence $\tau$ is an element of $\underline{M}(C)$. Moreover, since $m$, $p_1$, $p_2$ are graded algebra maps we see that $\tau \in G(C)^{(1)}$ and since $\underline{M} \subset G$ we conclude

$\tau \in \underline{M}(C)^{(1)} = M \otimes _ A C_1.$

We may write uniquely $\tau = \underline{M}(p_1)(\tau _1) + \underline{M}(p_2)(\tau _2)$ with $\tau _ i \in M \otimes _ A B_1 = \underline{M}(B)^{(1)}$ because $C_1 = p_1(B_1) \oplus p_2(B_1)$. Consider the ring map $q_1 : C \to B$ defined by $x_ i \mapsto x_ i$ and $y_ i \mapsto 0$. Then $\underline{M}(q_1)(\tau ) = \underline{M}(q_1)(\underline{M}(p_1)(\tau _1) + \underline{M}(p_2)(\tau _2)) = \tau _1$. On the other hand, because $q_1 \circ m = q_1 \circ p_1$ we see that $G(q_1)(\tau ) = - G(q_1 \circ p_2)(\tau )$. Since $q_1 \circ p_2$ factors as $B \to A \to B$ we see that $G(q_1 \circ p_2)(\tau )$ is in $G(B)^{(0)}$, see Lemma 46.3.7. Hence $\tau _1 = 0$ because it is in $G(B)^{(0)} \cap \underline{M}(B)^{(1)} \subset G(B)^{(0)} \cap G(B)^{(1)} = 0$. Similarly $\tau _2 = 0$, whence $\tau = 0$.

Since $\theta \in G(B)$ we obtain a transformation of functors

$\psi : L(-) = \mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}\nolimits _ A(B, - ) \longrightarrow G(-)$

by mapping $f : B \to C$ to $G(f)(\theta )$. Since $\theta$ is a lift of $\xi$ the map $\psi$ is a right inverse of $G \to L$. In terms of $\psi$ the statements proved above have the following meaning: $\tau = 0$ means that $\psi$ is additive and $\theta \in G(B)^{(1)}$ implies that for any $A$-algebra $D$ we have $\psi (ul) = u\psi (l)$ in $G(D)$ for $l \in L(D)$ and $u \in D^*$ a unit. This implies that $\psi$ is a morphism of module-valued functors, see Lemma 46.3.13. Clearly this implies that $G \cong \underline{M} \oplus L$ and we win. $\square$

Remark 46.3.15. Let $A$ be a ring. The proof of Lemma 46.3.14 shows that any extension $0 \to \underline{M} \to E \to L \to 0$ of module-valued functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$ with $L$ linearly adequate splits. It uses only the following properties of the module-valued functor $F = \underline{M}$:

1. $F(B) \otimes _ B B' \to F(B')$ is an isomorphism for a flat ring map $B \to B'$, and

2. $F(C)^{(1)} = F(p_1)(F(B)^{(1)}) \oplus F(p_2)(F(B)^{(1)})$ where $B = A[x_1, \ldots , x_ n]/(\sum a_{ij}x_ j)$ and $C = A[x_1, \ldots , x_ n, y_1, \ldots , y_ n]/ (\sum a_{ij}x_ j, \sum a_{ij}y_ j)$.

These two properties hold for any adequate functor $F$; details omitted. Hence we see that $L$ is a projective object of the abelian category of adequate functors.

Lemma 46.3.16. Let $A$ be a ring. Let $0 \to F \to G \to H \to 0$ be a short exact sequence of module-valued functors on $\textit{Alg}_ A$. If $F$ and $H$ are adequate, so is $G$.

Proof. Choose an exact sequence $0 \to F \to \underline{M} \to \underline{N}$. If we can show that $(\underline{M} \oplus G)/F$ is adequate, then $G$ is the kernel of the map of adequate functors $(\underline{M} \oplus G)/F \to \underline{N}$, hence adequate by Lemma 46.3.11. Thus we may assume $F = \underline{M}$.

We can choose a surjection $L \to H$ where $L$ is a direct sum of linearly adequate functors, see Lemma 46.3.6. If we can show that the pullback $G \times _ H L$ is adequate, then $G$ is the cokernel of the map $\mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(L \to H) \to G \times _ H L$ hence adequate by Lemma 46.3.10. Thus we may assume that $H = \bigoplus L_ i$ is a direct sum of linearly adequate functors. By Lemma 46.3.14 each of the pullbacks $G \times _ H L_ i$ is adequate. By Lemma 46.3.12 we see that $\bigoplus G \times _ H L_ i$ is adequate. Then $G$ is the cokernel of

$\bigoplus \nolimits _{i \not= i'} F \longrightarrow \bigoplus G \times _ H L_ i$

where $\xi$ in the summand $(i, i')$ maps to $(0, \ldots , 0, \xi , 0, \ldots , 0, -\xi , 0, \ldots , 0)$ with nonzero entries in the summands $i$ and $i'$. Thus $G$ is adequate by Lemma 46.3.10. $\square$

Lemma 46.3.17. Let $A \to A'$ be a ring map. If $F$ is an adequate functor on $\textit{Alg}_ A$, then its restriction $F'$ to $\textit{Alg}_{A'}$ is adequate too.

Proof. Choose an exact sequence $0 \to F \to \underline{M} \to \underline{N}$. Then $F'(B') = F(B') = \mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(M \otimes _ A B' \to N \otimes _ A B')$. Since $M \otimes _ A B' = M \otimes _ A A' \otimes _{A'} B'$ and similarly for $N$ we see that $F'$ is the kernel of $\underline{M \otimes _ A A'} \to \underline{N \otimes _ A A'}$. $\square$

Lemma 46.3.18. Let $A \to A'$ be a ring map. If $F'$ is an adequate functor on $\textit{Alg}_{A'}$, then the module-valued functor $F : B \mapsto F'(A' \otimes _ A B)$ on $\textit{Alg}_ A$ is adequate too.

Proof. Choose an exact sequence $0 \to F' \to \underline{M'} \to \underline{N'}$. Then

\begin{align*} F(B) & = F'(A' \otimes _ A B) \\ & = \mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(M' \otimes _{A'} ( A' \otimes _ A B) \to N' \otimes _{A'} (A' \otimes _ A B)) \\ & = \mathop{\mathrm{Ker}}(M' \otimes _ A B \to N' \otimes _ A B) \end{align*}

Thus $F$ is the kernel of $\underline{M} \to \underline{N}$ where $M = M'$ and $N = N'$ viewed as $A$-modules. $\square$

Lemma 46.3.19. Let $A = A_1 \times \ldots \times A_ n$ be a product of rings. An adequate functor over $A$ is the same thing as a sequence $F_1, \ldots , F_ n$ of adequate functors $F_ i$ over $A_ i$.

Proof. This is true because an $A$-algebra $B$ is canonically a product $B_1 \times \ldots \times B_ n$ and the same thing holds for $A$-modules. Setting $F(B) = \coprod F_ i(B_ i)$ gives the correspondence. Details omitted. $\square$

Lemma 46.3.20. Let $A \to A'$ be a ring map and let $F$ be a module-valued functor on $\textit{Alg}_ A$ such that

1. the restriction $F'$ of $F$ to the category of $A'$-algebras is adequate, and

2. for any $A$-algebra $B$ the sequence

$0 \to F(B) \to F(B \otimes _ A A') \to F(B \otimes _ A A' \otimes _ A A')$

is exact.

Then $F$ is adequate.

Proof. The functors $B \to F(B \otimes _ A A')$ and $B \mapsto F(B \otimes _ A A' \otimes _ A A')$ are adequate, see Lemmas 46.3.18 and 46.3.17. Hence $F$ as a kernel of a map of adequate functors is adequate, see Lemma 46.3.11. $\square$

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