Lemma 32.10.1. Let $I$ be a directed set. Let $(S_ i, f_{ii'})$ be an inverse system of schemes over $I$. Assume

1. the morphisms $f_{ii'} : S_ i \to S_{i'}$ are affine,

2. the schemes $S_ i$ are quasi-compact and quasi-separated.

Let $S = \mathop{\mathrm{lim}}\nolimits _ i S_ i$. Then we have the following:

1. For any morphism of finite presentation $X \to S$ there exists an index $i \in I$ and a morphism of finite presentation $X_ i \to S_ i$ such that $X \cong X_{i, S}$ as schemes over $S$.

2. Given an index $i \in I$, schemes $X_ i$, $Y_ i$ of finite presentation over $S_ i$, and a morphism $\varphi : X_{i, S} \to Y_{i, S}$ over $S$, there exists an index $i' \geq i$ and a morphism $\varphi _{i'} : X_{i, S_{i'}} \to Y_{i, S_{i'}}$ whose base change to $S$ is $\varphi$.

3. Given an index $i \in I$, schemes $X_ i$, $Y_ i$ of finite presentation over $S_ i$ and a pair of morphisms $\varphi _ i, \psi _ i : X_ i \to Y_ i$ whose base changes $\varphi _{i, S} = \psi _{i, S}$ are equal, there exists an index $i' \geq i$ such that $\varphi _{i, S_{i'}} = \psi _{i, S_{i'}}$.

In other words, the category of schemes of finite presentation over $S$ is the colimit over $I$ of the categories of schemes of finite presentation over $S_ i$.

Proof. In case each of the schemes $S_ i$ is affine, and we consider only affine schemes of finite presentation over $S_ i$, resp. $S$ this lemma is equivalent to Algebra, Lemma 10.127.8. We claim that the affine case implies the lemma in general.

Let us prove (3). Suppose given an index $i \in I$, schemes $X_ i$, $Y_ i$ of finite presentation over $S_ i$ and a pair of morphisms $\varphi _ i, \psi _ i : X_ i \to Y_ i$. Assume that the base changes are equal: $\varphi _{i, S} = \psi _{i, S}$. We will use the notation $X_{i'} = X_{i, S_{i'}}$ and $Y_{i'} = Y_{i, S_{i'}}$ for $i' \geq i$. We also set $X = X_{i, S}$ and $Y = Y_{i, S}$. Note that according to Lemma 32.2.3 we have $X = \mathop{\mathrm{lim}}\nolimits _{i' \geq i} X_{i'}$ and similarly for $Y$. Additionally we denote $\varphi _{i'}$ and $\psi _{i'}$ (resp. $\varphi$ and $\psi$) the base change of $\varphi _ i$ and $\psi _ i$ to $S_{i'}$ (resp. $S$). So our assumption means that $\varphi = \psi$. Since $Y_ i$ and $X_ i$ are of finite presentation over $S_ i$, and since $S_ i$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, also $X_ i$ and $Y_ i$ are quasi-compact and quasi-separated (see Morphisms, Lemma 29.21.10). Hence we may choose a finite affine open covering $Y_ i = \bigcup V_{j, i}$ such that each $V_{j, i}$ maps into an affine open of $S$. As above, denote $V_{j, i'}$ the inverse image of $V_{j, i}$ in $Y_{i'}$ and $V_ j$ the inverse image in $Y$. The immersions $V_{j, i'} \to Y_{i'}$ are quasi-compact, and the inverse images $U_{j, i'} = \varphi _ i^{-1}(V_{j, i'})$ and $U_{j, i'}' = \psi _ i^{-1}(V_{j, i'})$ are quasi-compact opens of $X_{i'}$. By assumption the inverse images of $V_ j$ under $\varphi$ and $\psi$ in $X$ are equal. Hence by Lemma 32.4.11 there exists an index $i' \geq i$ such that of $U_{j, i'} = U_{j, i'}'$ in $X_{i'}$. Choose an finite affine open covering $U_{j, i'} = U_{j, i'}' = \bigcup W_{j, k, i'}$ which induce coverings $U_{j, i''} = U_{j, i''}' = \bigcup W_{j, k, i''}$ for all $i'' \geq i'$. By the affine case there exists an index $i''$ such that $\varphi _{i''}|_{W_{j, k, i''}} = \psi _{i''}|_{W_{j, k, i''}}$ for all $j, k$. Then $i''$ is an index such that $\varphi _{i''} = \psi _{i''}$ and (3) is proved.

Let us prove (2). Suppose given an index $i \in I$, schemes $X_ i$, $Y_ i$ of finite presentation over $S_ i$ and a morphism $\varphi : X_{i, S} \to Y_{i, S}$. We will use the notation $X_{i'} = X_{i, S_{i'}}$ and $Y_{i'} = Y_{i, S_{i'}}$ for $i' \geq i$. We also set $X = X_{i, S}$ and $Y = Y_{i, S}$. Note that according to Lemma 32.2.3 we have $X = \mathop{\mathrm{lim}}\nolimits _{i' \geq i} X_{i'}$ and similarly for $Y$. Since $Y_ i$ and $X_ i$ are of finite presentation over $S_ i$, and since $S_ i$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, also $X_ i$ and $Y_ i$ are quasi-compact and quasi-separated (see Morphisms, Lemma 29.21.10). Hence we may choose a finite affine open covering $Y_ i = \bigcup V_{j, i}$ such that each $V_{j, i}$ maps into an affine open of $S$. As above, denote $V_{j, i'}$ the inverse image of $V_{j, i}$ in $Y_{i'}$ and $V_ j$ the inverse image in $Y$. The immersions $V_ j \to Y$ are quasi-compact, and the inverse images $U_ j = \varphi ^{-1}(V_ j)$ are quasi-compact opens of $X$. Hence by Lemma 32.4.11 there exists an index $i' \geq i$ and quasi-compact opens $U_{j, i'}$ of $X_{i'}$ whose inverse image in $X$ is $U_ j$. Choose an finite affine open covering $U_{j, i'} = \bigcup W_{j, k, i'}$ which induce affine open coverings $U_{j, i''} = \bigcup W_{j, k, i''}$ for all $i'' \geq i'$ and an affine open covering $U_ j = \bigcup W_{j, k}$. By the affine case there exists an index $i''$ and morphisms $\varphi _{j, k, i''} : W_{j, k, i''} \to V_{j, i''}$ such that $\varphi |_{W_{j, k}} = \varphi _{j, k, i'', S}$ for all $j, k$. By part (3) proved above, there is a further index $i''' \geq i''$ such that

$\varphi _{j_1, k_1, i'', S_{i'''}}|_{W_{j_1, k_1, i'''} \cap W_{j_2, k_2, i'''}} = \varphi _{j_2, k_2, i'', S_{i'''}}|_{W_{j_1, k_1, i'''} \cap W_{j_2, k_2, i'''}}$

for all $j_1, j_2, k_1, k_2$. Then $i'''$ is an index such that there exists a morphism $\varphi _{i'''} : X_{i'''} \to Y_{i'''}$ whose base change to $S$ gives $\varphi$. Hence (2) holds.

Let us prove (1). Suppose given a scheme $X$ of finite presentation over $S$. Since $X$ is of finite presentation over $S$, and since $S$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, also $X$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated (see Morphisms, Lemma 29.21.10). Choose a finite affine open covering $X = \bigcup U_ j$ such that each $U_ j$ maps into an affine open $V_ j \subset S$. Denote $U_{j_1j_2} = U_{j_1} \cap U_{j_2}$ and $U_{j_1j_2j_3} = U_{j_1} \cap U_{j_2} \cap U_{j_3}$. By Lemmas 32.4.11 and 32.4.13 we can find an index $i_1$ and affine opens $V_{j, i_1} \subset S_{i_1}$ such that each $V_ j$ is the inverse of this in $S$. Let $V_{j, i}$ be the inverse image of $V_{j, i_1}$ in $S_ i$ for $i \geq i_1$. By the affine case we may find an index $i_2 \geq i_1$ and affine schemes $U_{j, i_2} \to V_{j, i_2}$ such that $U_ j = S \times _{S_{i_2}} U_{j, i_2}$ is the base change. Denote $U_{j, i} = S_ i \times _{S_{i_2}} U_{j, i_2}$ for $i \geq i_2$. By Lemma 32.4.11 there exists an index $i_3 \geq i_2$ and open subschemes $W_{j_1, j_2, i_3} \subset U_{j_1, i_3}$ whose base change to $S$ is equal to $U_{j_1j_2}$. Denote $W_{j_1, j_2, i} = S_ i \times _{S_{i_3}} W_{j_1, j_2, i_3}$ for $i \geq i_3$. By part (2) shown above there exists an index $i_4 \geq i_3$ and morphisms $\varphi _{j_1, j_2, i_4} : W_{j_1, j_2, i_4} \to W_{j_2, j_1, i_4}$ whose base change to $S$ gives the identity morphism $U_{j_1j_2} = U_{j_2j_1}$ for all $j_1, j_2$. For all $i \geq i_4$ denote $\varphi _{j_1, j_2, i} = \text{id}_ S \times \varphi _{j_1, j_2, i_4}$ the base change. We claim that for some $i_5 \geq i_4$ the system $((U_{j, i_5})_ j, (W_{j_1, j_2, i_5})_{j_1, j_2}, (\varphi _{j_1, j_2, i_5})_{j_1, j_2})$ forms a glueing datum as in Schemes, Section 26.14. In order to see this we have to verify that for $i$ large enough we have

$\varphi _{j_1, j_2, i}^{-1}(W_{j_1, j_2, i} \cap W_{j_1, j_3, i}) = W_{j_1, j_2, i} \cap W_{j_1, j_3, i}$

and that for large enough $i$ the cocycle condition holds. The first condition follows from Lemma 32.4.11 and the fact that $U_{j_2j_1j_3} = U_{j_1j_2j_3}$. The second from part (1) of the lemma proved above and the fact that the cocycle condition holds for the maps $\text{id} : U_{j_1j_2} \to U_{j_2j_1}$. Ok, so now we can use Schemes, Lemma 26.14.2 to glue the system $((U_{j, i_5})_ j, (W_{j_1, j_2, i_5})_{j_1, j_2}, (\varphi _{j_1, j_2, i_5})_{j_1, j_2})$ to get a scheme $X_{i_5} \to S_{i_5}$. By construction the base change of $X_{i_5}$ to $S$ is formed by glueing the open affines $U_ j$ along the opens $U_{j_1} \leftarrow U_{j_1j_2} \rightarrow U_{j_2}$. Hence $S \times _{S_{i_5}} X_{i_5} \cong X$ as desired. $\square$

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